Evolution of the shape parameter in the Weibull distribution for brittle rocks under uniaxial compression

Applying the statistical damage theory based on the Weibull distribution to describe rock deformation and failure processes is an important development in rock mechanics. The shape parameter of the Weibull distribution, m, determines the basic shape of the distribution curve; additionally, it also represents a physical characteristic which can be applied when constructing rock constitutive models. To study the evolution of m during rock failure when applying the Weibull distribution to rock mechanics, uniaxial cyclic loading tests of shale specimens were conducted and previous rock mechanics experiments under different temperatures and loading rates were reviewed. The results indicate that m varied with the accumulation of damage but was almost constant between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point of each specimen. Combined with previous studies about the accelerated failure behavior of rocks, we conclude that between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point, the mechanical behavior of the rock fracture process did not change significantly. Based on the characteristics of m at different damage stages during the rock failure process, ranges of m values at different damage stages are proposed. The conclusions reached in this study may be used as an important reference for theoretical research on rock mechanics.     

Porosity and wave velocity evolution of granite after high-temperature treatment: a review

The evolution of porosity and changes in wave velocity in granite after high-temperature treatment has been experimentally investigated in different studies. Statistical analysis of the test results shows that there is a temperature threshold value that leads to variations in porosity and wave velocity. At a temperature that is less than 200 °C, the porosity of granite slowly increases with increases in temperature, while the wave velocity decreases. When the temperature is greater than 200 °C (especially between 400 and 600 °C), the porosity quickly increases, while the wave velocity substantially decreases. The temperature ranges of room temperature to 200 and 200–400 °C correspond to the undamaged state and the micro-damage state, respectively. The results confirm that there is an important link between the variations of physical and mechanical properties in response to thermal treatment. By studying the relationships among rock porosity, wave velocity and temperature, this provides the basis for solving multi-variable coupling problems under high temperatures for the thermal exploitation of petroleum and safe disposal of nuclear waste.     

Reservoir architecture and fracture characterization of low-permeability sandstone reservoir: a case study of Biandong oilfield,Jinhu depression,northern Jiangsu Basin,China

Fracture is one of the most important factors through the whole process of low-permeability reservoir development. Biandong oilfield is a typical low-permeability fractured sandstone reservoir, and has stepped into high water cut stage; thus, the waterflooding effect is poor. Therefore, many contradictions such as high moisture content, decreasing production speed, and low recovery efficiency are becoming increasingly prominent, which have seriously hindered the sustainable development, and need to be solved urgently. However, few such studies on reservoir characterization in low-permeability fractured sandstone reservoir have been conducted in China. In this study, through comprehensive analysis on reservoir characterization and sedimentary environment, significant results are achieved. Three types of fracture occurrence are identified; they are high-angle fracture, low-angle fracture, and horizontal fracture, respectively. Two types of reservoir pore (primary porosity and secondary porosity) are recognized based on thin-section observation and analysis. The diagenetic stage of Biandong oilfield are divided into three stages, early A, early B, and late A, respectively. Finally, a regional discrete fracture network model is established with Fisher’s algorithm based on three-dimensional geological model. All the research results presented above can make a significant instructing function for making reservoir development plan and improving recovery efficiency.     

Mechanical behavior and micro-structure of cement kiln dust-stabilized expensive soil

In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days.     

A GIS-based method of risk assessment on no. 11 coal-floor water inrush from Ordovician limestone in Hancheng mining area,China

The no. 11 coal seam in the deep area of Hancheng mining area is mining in recent years, which is threatened by the water inrush from the Ordovician limestone aquifer. Coal-floor water inrush is governed by the water abundance of coal-floor aquifer, the water-resisting performance of coal-floor aquitard, and the pathway connecting the water source and the working face. To make an accuracy risk assessment of water inrush from the no. 11 coal seam floor, a GIS-based vulnerability index method (VIM) is adopted for its superior comprehensive consideration of more controlling factors, powerful spatial analysis, and intuitively display functions. This study firstly established an index system including the water pressure of the coal-floor aquifer, the unit water inflow, the thickness, the core recovery percentage, the thickness ratio of brittle rocks to ductile rocks, the thickness of effective aquitard, and the accumulated length of faults and folds, of which the former six indexes governed the water abundance of the coal-floor aquifer which was combined with the last two factors to determine the risk of coal-floor water inrush. Secondly, the thematic map of each controlling factor is established by GIS using the geological prospecting data, and the weight of each factor is determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) after consulting the expert review panel. At last, a vulnerability index is obtained and used to assess the risk of coal-floor water inrush of the no. 11 coal seam. The risk of water inrush of the no. 11 coal seam of the study area was ranked to three zones: the southeastern shallow area in red color is the dangerous zone, the wide northwestern area in green color is the safe zone, and the transition area in yellow color is the moderate-risk zone. Compared with the actual water-inrush incidents, the risk assessment result was verified to achieve an accuracy of 82.35%, which is proved to be a dependable reference for the prevention and controlling of coal-floor water inrush of the no. 11 coal seam in Hancheng mining area.     

Study of late-Mesozoic magmatic rocks and their related copper-gold-polymetallic deposits in the Guichi ore-cluster district,Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt,East China

ABSTRACT

The Guichi ore-cluster district in the Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt hosts extensive Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits including the Tongshan Cu–Mo, Paodaoling Au, Matou Cu–Mo, Anzishan Cu–Mo, Guilinzheng Mo and Zhaceqiao Au deposits, mostly associated with the late Mesozoic magmatic rocks, which has been drawn to attention of study and exploration. However, the metallogenic relationship between magmatic rocks and the Cu–Au-polymetallic deposits is not well constrained. In this study, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic, and geochemical data for the ore-bearing intrusions of Guichi region. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for the Anzishan quartz diorite porphyrite is 143.9 ± 1.0 Ma. Integrated with previous geochronological data, these late Mesozoic magmatic rocks can be subdivided into two stages of magmatic activities. The first stage (150–132 Ma) is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline intrusions closely associated with Cu–Au polymetallic ore deposits. Whereas, the second stage (130–125 Ma) produced granites and syenites and is mainly characterized by shoshonite series that are related to Mo–Cu mineralization. The first stage of magmatic rocks is considered to be formed by partial melting of subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate, assimilated with Yangtze lower crust and remelting Meso-Neoproterozoic crust/sediments. The second stage of magmatism is originated from partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic crust, mixed with juvenile crustal materials. The depression cross to the uplift zone of the Jiangnan Ancient Continent forms a gradual transition relation, and the hydrothermal mineralization composite with two stages have certain characteristics along the regional fault (Gaotan Fault). Guichi region results from two episodes of magmatism probably related to tectonic transition from subduction of Palaeo-Pacific Plate to back-arc extensional setting between 150 and 125 Ma, which lead to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in southeast China.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定电气石中12种主次量元素

电气石是一类含硼的铝硅酸盐矿物,化学成分复杂、化学稳定性强,不易湿法分解,B_2O_3含量较高,导致其主次量元素的同时测定存在一定困难。本文采用熔融法制样,建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定电气石Na_2O、MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2、P_2O_5、K_2O、CaO、TiO_2、V_2O_5、Cr_2O_3、MnO、TFe_2O_3等主次量元素的分析方法。样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂-氟化锂(质量比为4.5∶1∶0.4)混合熔剂的稀释比例为1∶10,消除了粒度效应和矿物效应;在缺少电气石标准物质的情况下,选择土壤、水系沉积物及多种类型的地质标准物质绘制校准曲线,利用含量与电气石类似的标准物质验证准确度,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于4.2%。采用所建方法测定四种不同类型电气石实际样品,测定值与经典化学法基本吻合。本方法解决了电气石不易湿法分解和硼的干扰问题,测定结果准确可靠,与其他方法相比操作简便,分析周期短。     

安徽省凤阳江山金矿床赋矿地层和相关岩浆岩锆石年代学研究及其意义

安徽省北部蚌埠隆起区被认为是山东胶东招远金成矿带以西的延伸部分,但蚌埠隆起区内之前一直未发现成规模的金矿床。江山金矿床是最近新发现的中型金矿床,区内成矿作用的时代、赋矿地层的归属仍缺乏系统的年代学证据。文章对蚌埠隆起区内江山金矿床的赋矿地层和相关岩浆岩开展系统的年代学研究,明确了赋矿地层时代归属,并限定了成矿时代的上限和下限。矿床赋矿围岩浅粒岩的结晶年龄为(2496±19)Ma,变质年龄为(2452±47)Ma;斜长角闪岩的变质年龄为(1824±11)Ma,对比区域地层岩性和时代,确定矿床的赋矿围岩为新太古代五河群西堌堆组,而非过去认为的庄子里组。矿床中穿切矿体的脉岩花岗闪长斑岩的结晶年龄为(121.2±1.4)Ma,代表成矿时代的下限;赋矿岩体巨斑花岗斑岩的结晶年龄为(128.3±1.7)Ma,代表了成矿时代的上限。通过与胶东金成矿带的对比,认为蚌埠隆起区与胶东地区的前寒武纪变质基底演化历史相似,江山金矿床的成矿作用类型属于胶东焦家式金矿,在此基础上,推测蚌埠隆起区西芦山岩体和淮光岩体有较大的成矿潜力。     

皖南东至兆吉口铅锌矿床成矿时代的厘定及其找矿指示意义

皖南东至兆吉口铅锌矿床是近年来在江南过渡带西段新发现的一个规模达中型的中-低温热液型矿床。目前揭露的铅锌矿体均赋存于东至断裂带及其西侧次级张(扭)性断裂及裂隙中。文章选取了该矿床主要矿石矿物闪锌矿以及与主成矿阶段金属硫化物紧密共生的石英,分别采用流体包裹体Rb-Sr法和40Ar-39Ar法进行同位素地质年龄测定。4件闪锌矿样品获得流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(128±1)Ma;2件石英样品获得流体包裹体40Ar-39Ar坪年龄分别为(128.74±3.02)Ma和(128.19±1.98)Ma,等时线年龄分别为(128.81±5.25)Ma和(128.30±3.47)Ma,反等时线年龄分别为(128.82±5.24)Ma和(128.31±3.47)Ma。同位素地质年龄测试结果基本一致,表明兆吉口铅锌矿床形成于128 Ma左右,成矿时代为早白垩世。该成矿年龄与赋矿闪长玢岩的形成时间((129.0±2.3)Ma~(128.4±2.7)Ma)一致,也与东至断裂燕山晚期的活动年龄((126.3±2.2)Ma)相近,表明该矿床成矿与燕山晚期的构造-岩浆活动密切相关,此时区域构造背景为强烈挤压后的伸展环境。这一矿化事件在成矿时代上明显晚于长江中下游成矿带中的断隆区(如铜陵、安庆-贵池等矿集区)的铜金多金属矿床和皖南成矿带中的钨钼多金属矿床(136 Ma),而与长江中下游成矿带断坳区的玢岩铁矿床的成矿时间(135~127 Ma)相近,指示长江中下游成矿带与皖南成矿带之间的江南过渡带中发育有燕山晚期较晚阶段(128 Ma左右)的铅锌矿化事件,为今后在该区开展铅锌多金属矿床找矿勘探提供了重要依据。     

福贡地区石炭系地层可能属于拉萨地块:来自碎屑锆石年龄谱的指示

欧亚与印度大陆的碰撞使得印度大陆的北东角强烈挤入欧亚大陆内部,形成东构造结,其引发的强烈变形将南羌塘地块、北羌塘地块、拉萨地块、保山地块、兰坪-思茅地块以及地块之间的缝合带挤压于很窄的范围内,造成青藏高原腹地与其东南缘之间构造单元划分、对比困难。滇西福贡地区位于青藏高原东南缘,东构造结影响范围内,是三江造山带及青藏高原相关地块的汇聚处。福贡地区石炭系岩石组合表明其形成于较为稳定的浅海相沉积环境中,具有被动大陆边缘沉积特征。三件石炭系二云母石英片岩碎屑锆石表面年龄数据(194个有效分析点)形成五个主要年龄区间:2550~2400Ma、1800~1550Ma、1200~1080Ma、1000~850Ma和600~480Ma,峰值分别为~2502Ma、~1724Ma、~1120Ma、~886Ma和~512Ma。对比其他地块同时代地层的碎屑锆石年龄谱表明,福贡地区石炭系可能是拉萨地块的一部分,与腾冲地块一样,属于其南延部分。结合中新生代岩浆岩带的构造连续性,我们认为,印度板块东北角向北、北东方向的强烈挤压导致拉萨地块及冈底斯岩浆岩带弯曲、缩颈、并发生分离与旋转。