Lightning activity and its relation to the intensity of typhoons over the Northwest Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network （WWLLN） were used to analyze the lightning activity and the relationship between maximum sustained wind and lightning rate in 69 tropical cyclones over the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2005 to 2009. The minimum lightning density was observed in the category 2 typhoon Kong-Rey （2007）, with a value of only 1.15 d-1 （100 kin）-2. The maximum lightning density occurred in the category 2 typhoon Mitag （2007）, with a value of 510.42 d-1 （100 km）-2. The average lightning density decreased with radius from the typhoon center in both weak （categories 1-3） and super （categories 4-5） typhoons. The average lightning density in the inner core of super typhoons was more than twice as large as that for weak typhoons. Both groups of typhoons showed a near-monotonic decrease in lightning density with radius. Results also showed that lightning activity was more active in typhoons that made landfall than in those that did not. The mean correlation coefficient between the accumulated flashes within a 600-kin radius and the maximum wind speed in the weak typhoons and super typhoons was 0.81 and 0.74, respectively. For more than 78% （56%） of the super （weak） typhoons, the lightning activity peaked before the maximum sustained wind speed, with the most common leading time being 30 （60） h. The results suggest that, for the Northwest Pacific Ocean, lightning activity might be used as a measurement of the intensification of typhoons.     

大气电场,电流多路同步测量的数据实时采集和滚动显示记录系统

阐述了利用微机对大气电场及麦克斯韦电流密度进行实时多路长时间记录、显示的原理，操作方式及编程。在野外观测的基础获得了电场、电流密度的同步数字化资料，实现了电场、电流密度观测记录的自动化、该系统测量信号以模式所形式实时连续滚动显示在ＶＧＡ显示器上、数字化信号实时存储在计算机硬盘上，记录后的数据可再处理，也可再显示。     

新疆库鲁克塔格新元古代火山岩地质-地球化学特征及构造意义

库鲁克塔格地区新元古代火山岩十分发育,从早南华世到晚震旦世均有分布.火山岩从老到新可分为贝义西、扎摩克提、水泉3个喷发期,对各期火山岩主量、微量元素及稀土元素地球化学研究表明,各喷发期火山岩均形成于大陆裂谷环境.本区火山岩的形成,是塔里木运动的重要佐证,是Rodinia超大陆裂解事件的岩石记录,揭示了本区Rodinia超大陆裂解始于早南华世.     

地球γ射线闪(TGFs)及其物理机制研究进展

根据卫星、地面、飞机和气球的探测结果,TGFs和与雷暴、闪电过程有关的高能辐射现象可以大致分为2类:持续时间为毫秒量级的短时间高能辐射,一般认为多数可能与闪电有关;持续时间为几秒甚至更长的长时间高能辐射,一般认为可能与雷暴有关.对已有的TGFs和与雷暴、闪电有关的高能辐射现象的观测事实、理论探索和数值模拟方面的进展进行简要的回顾,并提出目前尚未解决的问题.     

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY ZDR TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR*

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_DR is related to drop size distribution (DSD) and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_DR is a sensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD on rainfall can be deduced with a (Z_H,Z_DR) dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles of hydrometeors (especially hailstone) from the rain region.     

南天山盲起苏花岗岩体的成因及构造意义：来自年代学、地球化学及Nd- Hf同位素证据

南天山造山带位于中亚造山带与塔里木克拉通的接壤地带,是了解克拉通及造山带构造演化的重要地区。但就南天山洋最终闭合和陆陆碰撞的时代目前还存在不同观点。盲起苏花岗岩体位于南天山造山带东段,是该区大型的复式花岗岩体,主要由东部黑云母花岗闪长岩、西部黑云母花岗岩和中部二云母花岗岩组成。LA ICP MS锆石U Pb定年结果显示,东部、西部和中部花岗岩的形成年龄分别为297±4 Ma、294±3 Ma和292±2 Ma。地球化学特征上,东部和西部花岗岩的SiO 2 含量为65. 34%~73. 12%,A/CNK为1. 00~1. 11（平均1. 05）,Na 2 O+K 2 O的含量为7. 26%~8. 52%,属高钾钙碱性弱过铝质岩石;中部花岗岩的SiO 2 含量为71. 97%~72. 84%,A/CNK为1. 09~1. 14（平均1. 12）,Na 2 O+K 2 O的含量为8. 36%~8. 80%,属钙碱性强过铝质岩石。稀土元素上,三者均富集轻稀土元素\[(La/Yb)N=9. 58~44. 94\],亏损重稀土元素（HREE,LREE/HREE=8. 00~22. 97）,并呈现不同程度的Eu负异常（东部 δ Eu=0. 67~0. 81;西部 δ Eu=0. 48~0. 78;中部 δ Eu=0. 44~0. 48）。微量元素上,三者均富集大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba）,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）。同位素特征上,锆石 ε Hf ( t )值分别为-11. 31~-1. 64（东部）、-5. 41~-0. 50（西部）和-14. 43~-2. 51（中部）,二阶段Hf模式年龄（ t DM2 ）均在1. 30~2. 20 Ga之间;东部岩体的 ε Nd ( t )的值为-6. 92~-10. 10,二阶段模式年龄 t DM2 (Nd)在1. 62~1. 88 Ga之间。综合区域地质和前人研究资料,表明盲起苏复式花岗岩体可能是后碰撞早期阶段由加厚的变质火成岩地壳发生部分熔融,经不同程度结晶分异所形成的,并暗示了南天山洋的闭合及陆陆碰撞的时间应发生于二叠纪之前。     

青藏高原中部闪电活动与相关气象要素季节变化的相关分析

利用 1995年 4月至 2 0 0 2年 12月间卫星观测的闪电资料与NCEP再分析资料中的地表降水率、云功函数和热通量 ,分析了青藏高原中部闪电活动与相关气象要素季节变化之间的关系。研究发现 :青藏高原中部闪电活动的峰值出现在 7月份 ,并在春季表现出明显的闪电活动 ;相关气象要素中 ,最能够准确描述闪电活动的季节变化及其春季异常特征的仅有地表总热通量 ;降水 (或云功函数 )与鲍恩比 (感热通量和潜热通量之比 )的乘积能够较好地反映闪电活动的季节分布特征与春季的“异常”。结果表明 ,感热通量或鲍恩比可能在对流有效位能向对流上升动能的转化过程中起着重要的作用 ,鲍恩比可作为修正闪电产生效率的一个重要参量。     

Influence of Topography and Large-scale Forcing on the Occurrence of Katabatic Flow Jumps in Antarctica： Idealized Simulations

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS）, which is a non-hydrostatic numerical model, has been used to investigate the impact of terrain shape and large-scale forcing on the Antarctic surface-wind regime, focusing on their roles in establishing favorable flow conditions for the formation of katabatic flow jumps. A series of quasi-2D numerical simulations were conducted over idealized slopes representing the slopes of Antarctica during austral winter conditions. Results indicate that the steepness and variations of the underlying slope play a role in the evolution of near-surface flows and thus the formation of katabatic flow jumps. However, large-scale forcing has a more noticeable effect on the occurrence of this small-scale phenomenon by establishing essential upstream and downstream flow conditions, including the upstream supercritical flow, the less stably stratified or unstable layer above the cold katabatic layer, as well as the cold-air pool located near the foot of the slope through an interaction with the underlying topography. Thus, the areas with steep and abrupt change in slopes, e.g. near the coastal areas of the eastern Antarctic, are preferred locations for the occurrence of katabatic flow jumps, especially under supporting synoptic conditions.