Wavelet multiresolution based multifractal analysis of electric fields by lightning return strokes

Lightning can be seen as a large-scale cooperative phenomenon, which may evolve in a self-similar cascaded way. Using the electric field waveforms recorded by the slow antenna system, the mono- and multifractal behaviors of 115 first return strokes in negative cloud-to-ground discharges have been investigated with a wavelet multiresolution based multifractal method. The results show that the return stroke process, in term of its electric field waveform, has apparent fractality and strong degree of multifractality. The multifractal spectra obtained for the 115 cases are all well fitted to a modified version of the binomial cascade multifractal model. The width of the multifractal spectra, which measure the strength of multifractality, is 1.6 on average. The fractal dimension of the electric field waveforms ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 with an average of 1.3, a similar value to the fractal dimension of the lightning channel obtained by others. This suggests that the lightning-produced electric fields may have the same fractal dimension as its channel. The relationship between the peak current of a return stroke and the charge deposition in its channel is also discussed. The results suggest that the wavelet and scaling analysis may be a powerful tool in interpretation of the lightning-produced electric fields and therefore in understanding lightning.     

中川地区一次负地闪的起始过程研究

利用ＧＰＳ同步的多点慢天线电场变化仪在甘肃中川地雷暴过程中测量得到的资料,对一次负地闪的起始过程进行了分析。发现地闪产和在击发之前常有持续１７０－３００ｍｓ的去２内放电过程发生,它可有数据不等的Ｋ变化组成。     

MEASUREMENTS OF LIGHTNING RADIATION FIELD AND ESTIMATION OF FIRST RETURN STROKE PARAMETERS

This paper briefs a method of measuring lightning radiation field with a fast antenna and narrow bandwidthreceivers, the first return stroke parameters and the spectrum distribution from 2 kHz to 20 MHz for bothground discharges and cloud discharges are calculated. The peak radiation field of first return stroke, normalized to 50 km, is (15.2±8.4)V/m. Below 1 MHz, thetotal energy radiated by the first return stroke is (0.8±1.6)×10~5J, the peak power is (0.8±1.0)×10~10W, thepeak current is(27.8±17.1)kA, and the peak current derivation is (109.3±91.5) kA/μs. The peak spectral amplitudes appear between 4 kHz to 10 kHz for ground discharges and 20 kHz to 80kHz for cloud discharges. From 10 kHz to 3.0 MHz, the spectral amplitudes of the ground discharges decreasein 1/f, and from 3.0 MHz to 20 MHz, in 1/f~2. Below40 kHz, the ground discharge is the main lightningradiation source; and above 40 kHz, both discharges behave similarly. A few special phenomena were found and explained preliminarily.     

The characteristics of ground flashes in Beijing and Lanzhou regions

Over twenty thousand lightning location data obtained by using Lightning Location System (LLS) from Lanzhou and Beijing regions have been analysed to ascertain the characteristics of ground flashes in both regions. The strength of positive flashes is 5 times higher in Lanzhou than in Beijing. The strength of positive flashes is 3 times and 2.2 times as large as negative flashes in Beijing and in Lanzhou respectively. It has been found that the strength of positive and negative flashes is submitted to the normal distribution, and is independent of the characteristics of thunderstorm. So the lightning, strength obtained by DF may be used to forecast the coming of thunderstorm. Although the stroke number in both regions decreases as exponent regulation, the maximum number of return stroke for one lightning in Beijing is more than that in Lanzhou. The peak flash rate occurs in late afternoon for both regions, but the maximum and minimum flash rate appeared an hour earlier in Beijing than in Lanzhou.The relationship between DF display and lightning radiation electric field, discharge current is obtained.     

高原地区云对地闪电首次回击的光谱研究

用无狭缝光栅摄谱仪,获得了青海西宁地区云对地闪电首次回击过程400～700nm波 长范围的光谱,并首次在闪电的单次回击光谱中记录到了波长为604.6nm和619.4nm的谱线. 将原子结构的理论应用于闪电光谱的研究,用多组态Dirac Fock方法,计算了有关光谱线 的 波长、振子强度以及相应的激发态能量等参数,理论与试验观测资料进行比较分析后发现, 高原地区闪电首次回击光谱的结构及跃迁特性与其他地区有明显的区别,除NII离子n=3 的低 激发态产生的跃迁谱线外,激发能量为13～14eV左右的中性NI和OI的跃迁增多,但很难观测 到OII离子的跃迁谱线.     

黄河源地区荒漠遥感动态监测

利用遥感和GIS的空间分析技术,以黄河源地区多期遥感数据为主要信息源,将荒漠分为沙地、戈壁、盐碱地和高寒荒漠四种类型,通过目视解译的方法提取黄河龙羊峡以上区域内的四期土地覆盖的荒漠数据,在此基础上进行了荒漠动态变化分析。研究结果表明:荒漠集中分布于研究区中西部,以高寒荒漠和沙地为主,其次是戈壁和盐碱地。近30 a来研究区内整体上荒漠先增加后减少,其中沙地的变化最为明显,尤其是1989年度以来的10 a扩张速度明显加快。     

青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究

介绍了2002年夏季在海拔2650m的青海东部地区所进行的雷电综合观测实验及初步研究结果。实验中采用了GPS同步的6个站闪电快、慢电场变化和平均电场的同步观测,配合1ms的高速摄像对该地的雷暴电荷结构、闪电放电特征等进行了研究。初步研究结果表明,青海东部的雷暴云当顶时,地面电场既可受云内的负电荷所控制,也可能受正电荷所控制,揭示了雷暴电荷结构的复杂性。同时,闪电特征也存在一定的特殊性,所发生的地闪先导常以多分叉的形式慢速向地面行进,并在地面形成两个或两个以上的接地点;梯级先导的发展速度约为0.8～1.18×105m·s-1。同时在地闪发生之前和之后常有持续时间较长、闪道清晰的云内放电过程发生。高速摄像观测首次发现,在一次云内正电荷控制地面电场的雷暴条件下,云内放电过程呈现出双层结构特征。放电首先从上部负电荷区和下部正电荷之间的地方激发,然后上、下同时发展。在开始阶段只能看到向下的负流光通道,当上、下发展的通道分别到达负、正电荷区时,明亮的的主通道形成。之后放电在下部正电荷区以多分叉的形式水平扩展,下部的水平扩展停止后,主通道上部的放电开始水平扩展,是一种反极性的云内放电过程。     

雷暴过程中闪电产生NOx的地面观测研究

利用NOx分析仪和大气平均电场仪在青海省大通县对雷暴天气过程中自然闪电产生的NOx进行了地面观测。分析结果表明:在晴天稳定大气条件下,全天NOx的平均体积混合比相对比较平稳,观测值虽然比理想中的干净背景大气条件下的地面值要大一些,但比污染大气中的值小许多;在雷暴天气中,闪电次数与NOx的平均体积混合比峰值个数相同,且峰值由闪电产生。闪电产生的NOx的平均体积混合比峰值在出现时间上比闪电有一定的滞后。雷暴过程中各次闪电产生NOx的传输时间序列变化,可用二次多项式进行拟合,且相关系数较高,传输时间和传输距离之间不存在严格的线性关系。高、低能量闪电的能量域值为12～13×106J,高、低能量的闪电是间隔发生的,且随着时间的推移间隔增大。     

闪电产生NOX机制及中国内陆闪电产生NOX量的估算

对闪电产生NOX的物理机制及化学过程进行了分析,并根据闪电物理及不同经纬度上观测到的闪电资料,对中国内陆地区闪电产生的NOX进行了估算.结果表明各纬度上每100km2内闪电产生NOX估算的年平均值(WLNOX)从南到北随纬度的增高而降低,在广东、陇东、北京和东北地区的最高值分别为6.41×106gN/100km2/yr、4.26×106gN/100km2/yr、3.65×106gN/100km2/yr和3.52×106gN/100km2/yr.闪电产生的NOX主要分布于35°N以南的地区,从陇东地区向南到广东地区的闪电产生的NOX占整个中国内陆的2/3以上.整个中国内陆地区闪电产生NOX的年平均估算值为 3.84×1011gN/yr.就广东地区而言,强雷暴的活动月闪电产生的NOX比弱雷暴活动月的大一个量级.在雷暴天气过程中闪电产生NOX浓度的峰值都无一例外地出现在雷暴云发展的成熟期,其直接原因主要是雷暴云成熟期的高闪电频数.     

山西省防震减灾法制建设与依法行政

0引言山西是全国地震活动频繁、地震灾害最严重的省份之一,历史上一次死亡5 000人以上的地震就有8次。全省77%的国土面积、70%的国民生产总值和60%的人口处于地震高烈度区,震情也就是山西的省情。在西部大开发和中部崛起中,地震部门应该首先强化机遇意识、发展意识、大局意识和