青藏高原乌丽冻土区二氧化碳成因探讨

为了查明青藏高原乌丽冻土区天然气的组分与成因,对采集自乌丽水合物试验孔ZK1井及其周边钻孔的岩心顶空气、岩心解析气以及湖水气进行了组分和碳同位素测试分析,同时对ZK1井及其周边钻孔岩心中的碳酸盐岩碳同位素进行了测试分析。测试结果显示:该区天然气主要成分为二氧化碳,其含量在98%以上,烃类气体(主要为甲烷)含量很少;二氧化碳碳同位素主频在-4‰～-6‰(VPDB)之间,少量富烃样品的甲烷碳同位素主频介于-3238‰～-2782‰（VPDB）之间,碳酸盐岩的碳同位素平均值为-387‰（VPDB）。综合分析认为,研究区二氧化碳主要为幔源成因,可能与该区强烈的构造运动和岩浆活动有关。     

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大数据时代测绘地理信息服务面临的机遇和挑战

分析了大数据时代测绘地理信息服务呈现出的新特点、新趋势,研究了大数据给测绘地理信息服务带来的机遇和挑战,提出了大数据时代测绘地理信息服务的“5v”要求,并就推进测绘地理信息服务转型升级提出建议。     

中国新能源发电生命周期温室气体减排潜力比较和分析

从生命周期的角度分析,各类新能源发电技术的开发、建设、运行过程,也会带来一定的温室气体排放,这引发了人们对于新能源发电技术“低碳”属性的担忧。遵循生命周期评价方法,在对国内外大量资料文献进行收集整理的基础上,对中国传统火电和主要新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数进行了对比分析;并根据国家发展规划目标,对新能源发电替代火电的温室气体减排潜力进行了估算。分析结果表明,即使考虑生命周期内的排放,新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数仍远远低于火电,新能源发电技术替代火电的温室气体减排潜力巨大。     

利用噪声记录估计福建地区中上地壳体波速度结构

In this paper,the dispersion curves of the Rayleigh wave and Love wave were extracted from the seismic noise records of 25 broadband stations of the Fujian Seismic Network, and inverted for the lithosphere velocity structure. Furthermore,the velocity model was verified by the seismic explosion observations. Our results indicate that the resolution of the lithosphere velocity structure obtained by this method is good in the shallow part,but in the deep part,inversion accuracy for the wave velocity structure is low,which is caused mainly by the small inter-station distance chosen in the paper. Thus the wave dispersion curves have high accuracy in the short-period part,but the warp of the wave dispersion curve in long-period part is large. Considering the results from both the noise inversion and the traditional inversion,we finally present a new velocity model,and the theoretical travel time calculated with the new model matches the explosion travel time very well.     

鄂尔多斯块体北缘中强以上地震活动特征分析

从阴山地震带6.0级以上地震周期性规律等角度,着重研究了该区域中强以上地震活动特征。阴山地震带6.0级以上强震自公元849年以来,具有百年尺度的周期性特征,1900年之后进入第五活跃期,且当前应变处于较高状态,未来几年内该地震带发生6级以上地震可能性较大。临河—乌海—巴彦浩特地区是7.0级地震的主体空区。ML5.0以上地震具有以东经110°为轴东西对跳特征,东经110°以西地区是新一轮中等以上地震活动的主体区域。1970年以来,发生的6次5.9级以上地震前,均存在ML4.0级以上地震空区或条带。2000年1月1日至2011年9月30日,阴山地震带逐渐形成两条明显的ML4.0级以上地震条带,条带交汇部位所在临河—乌海地区可能是未来发生强震的区域。     

Influence of sea surface wind wave turbulence upon wind-induced circulation, tide–surge interaction and bed stress

A three-dimensional finite volume unstructured mesh model of the west coast of Britain, with high resolution in the coastal regions, is used to investigate the role of wind wave turbulence and wind and tide forced currents in producing maximum bed stress in the eastern Irish Sea. The spatial distribution of the maximum bed stress, which is important in sediment transport problems, is determined, together with how it is modified by the direction of wind forced currents, tide–surge interaction and a surface source of wind wave turbulence associated with wave breaking. Initial calculations show that to first order the distribution of maximum bed stress is determined by the tide. However, since maximum sediment transport occurs at times of episodic events, such as storm surges, their effects upon maximum bed stresses are examined for the case of strong northerly, southerly and westerly wind forcing. Calculations show that due to tide–surge interaction both the tidal distribution and the surge are modified by non-linear effects. Consequently, the magnitude and spatial distribution of maximum bed stress during major wind events depends upon wind direction. In addition calculations show that a surface source of turbulence due to wind wave breaking in shallow water can influence the maximum bed stress. In turn, this influences the wind forced flow and hence the movement of suspended sediment. Calculations of the spatial variability of maximum bed stress indicate the level of measurements required for model validation.     

十到百年尺度动力形态模型在珠江磨刀门河口的应用

在人类活动的参与下磨刀门河口演变已不再是纯粹的自然过程,而是自然和人类活动共同塑造的过程。建立了一个以过程模拟为主的10~100 a尺度的长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM-10)用于模拟磨刀门河口在人类活动作用下的演变过程。 该模型建立在水体运动方程和沉积物输运方程的基础上,应用约简技术对模型输入和计算进行处理,并包含了用于评价和量化人类活动的抛石促淤模块和航道疏浚模块。应用该模型较真实地模拟了磨刀门河口在1977-1988 年的动力地形演变过程,并且通过模拟结果和情景分析,合理地分离了人类各种工程活动的长期影响和自然因素在河口演变中的作用。研究表明,治理工程对河口自然发展趋势造成了较大的改造,淤积强度表现为西侧大于东侧。抛石和围垦工程使横洲水道主槽逐年冲刷,深槽外移,而龙屎窟深槽上端则表现为严重淤积,深槽不断缩窄。     

富水软岩隧道突泥塌方及地层沉降的模型试验

在富水软岩地层中修建隧道容易出现突泥塌方,对施工及周边环境产生严重影响。北岗隧道围岩强度低且地下水丰富,在施工中多次遇到突泥涌水现象,出现了围岩大面积坍塌、地表开裂、地下水位下降等严重灾害问题。以北岗隧道为原型,开展了室内模型试验,再现了该隧道的破坏现象,研究了隧道突泥塌方的影响因素、破坏规律及影响范围。结果表明:（1）地表未出现裂缝时,隧道开挖导致的地表和地层内部变形可以采用Peck的正态分布曲线描述;（2）涌水是造成隧道围岩发生严重坍塌的根本原因;（3）隧道破坏从拱顶开始,呈拱形破坏型式;（4）地表的两条主裂缝在隧道塌方初期形成,塌方对地表沉降和裂缝的主要影响区域位于两条主裂缝之间。