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241.
Assessing the effectiveness of imperviousness on stormwater runoff in micro urban catchments by model simulation 下载免费PDF全文
Imperviousness, considered as a critical indicator of the hydrologic impacts of urbanization, has gained increasing attention both in the research field and in practice. However, the effectiveness of imperviousness on rainfall–runoff dynamics has not been fully determined in a fine spatiotemporal scale. In this study, 69 drainage subareas <1 ha of a typical residential catchment in Beijing were selected to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of imperviousness, under a typical storm event with a 3‐year return period. Two metrics, total impervious area (TIA) and effective impervious area (EIA), were identified to represent the impervious characteristics of the selected subareas. Three runoff variables, total runoff depth (TR), peak runoff depth (PR), and lag time (LT), were simulated by using a validated hydrologic model. Regression analyses were developed to explore the quantitative associations between imperviousness and runoff variables. Then, three scenarios were established to test the applicability of the results in considering the different infiltration conditions. Our results showed that runoff variables are significantly related to imperviousness. However, the hydrologic performances of TIA and EIA were scale dependent. Specifically, with finer spatial scale and the condition heavy rainfall, TIA rather than EIA was found to contribute more to TR and PR. EIA tended to have a greater impact on LT and showed a negative relationship. Moreover, the relative significance of TIA and EIA was maintained under the different infiltration conditions. These findings may provide potential implications for landscape and drainage design in urban areas, which help to mitigate the runoff risk. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
242.
Frequency analysis of nonstationary annual maximum flood series using the time‐varying two‐component mixture distributions 下载免费PDF全文
The most popular practice for analysing nonstationarity of flood series is to use a fixed single‐type probability distribution incorporated with the time‐varying moments. However, the type of probability distribution could be both complex because of distinct flood populations and time‐varying under changing environments. To allow the investigation of this complex nature, the time‐varying two‐component mixture distributions (TTMD) method is proposed in this study by considering the time variations of not only the moments of its component distributions but also the weighting coefficients. Having identified the existence of mixed flood populations based on circular statistics, the proposed TTMD was applied to model the annual maximum flood series of two stations in the Weihe River basin, with the model parameters calibrated by the meta‐heuristic maximum likelihood method. The performance of TTMD was evaluated by different diagnostic plots and indexes and compared with stationary single‐type distributions, stationary mixture distributions and time‐varying single‐type distributions. The results highlighted the advantages of TTMD with physically‐based covariates for both stations. Besides, the optimal TTMD models were considered to be capable of settling the issue of nonstationarity and capturing the mixed flood populations satisfactorily. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Xin Wen Guohua Fang Heshuai Qi Lei Zhou Yuqin Gao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2016,123(1-2):369-386
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根据北斗卫星导航系统星载原子钟自身的物理特性,采用武汉大学IGS数据中心发布的2016年1月1日至2016年11月1日共306天的事后钟差产品进行谱分析。分析结果表明:北斗卫星导航系统的3类卫星钟都存在一定的周期特性;其中GEO和IGSO卫星钟的主周期相对较为明显;GEO卫星钟的主周期依次为12、24、8和6h;IGSO的主周期为24、12、8和6h;而MEO的3个主周期为12.9、6.4和24h。依据各类原子钟的周期特性,同时对各天之间钟差的起始点偏差进行修正,并利用修正模型对北斗卫星钟差进行预报和精度分析。试验结果表明,改进的预报模型能显著提升北斗卫星的钟差预报精度,北斗卫星钟差24h、12h、6h的平均预报精度分别能达到6.55ns、3.17ns和1.76ns。 相似文献
246.
一种四叉树和测地线活动轮廓模型相结合的海陆影像分割方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
海陆影像分割对于后续的海岸线提取、潮间带地形反演、海岸演化状况分析等都具有十分重要的意义。本文在分析了四叉树、测地线活动轮廓(GAC)模型和Canny边缘检测算子等在海陆影像分割中优缺点的基础上,提出了一种四叉树、Canny算子和GAC模型相结合的海陆影像分割方法。该方法综合利用上述各方法的优点,将Canny算子边缘检测结果融入到基于四叉树初分割的GAC模型中,重构边界停止函数,演化水平集方程,实现海陆影像分割。试验结果表明,该方法具有海陆影像分割速度快、精度高、可靠性强和自动化程度高等优点,对于弱边缘以及严重凹陷边缘,都能实现自动和准确分割。 相似文献
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Is the long-term variation of the estimated GPS differential code biases associated with ionospheric variability? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The global positioning system (GPS) differential code biases (DCB) provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) show solar-cycle-like variation during 2002–2013. This study is to examine whether this variation of the GPS DCBs is associated with ionospheric variability. The GPS observations from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites including CHAMP, GRACE and Jason-1 are used to address this issue. The GPS DCBs estimated from the LEO-based observations at different orbit altitudes show a similar tendency as the IGS DCBs. However, this solar-cycle-like dependency is eliminated when the DCBs of 13 continuously operating GPS satellites are constrained to zero-mean. Our results thus revealed that ionospheric variation is not responsible for the long-term variation of the GPS DCBs. Instead, it is attributed to the GPS satellite replacement with different satellite types and the zero-mean condition imposed on all satellite DCBs. 相似文献
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正Objective The Shangxu gold deposit is located in the south of the middle Bangong-Nujiang suture zone in northern Tibet.The origin of this deposit as an orogenic gold deposit is debatable.The study of the Shangxu deposit has a profound implication on gold exploration in the BangongNujiang metallogenic belt and can also improve our understanding of gold mineralization in northern Tibet. 相似文献