中蒙边界地区构造单元划分

以板块构造理论为指导,中蒙合作完成中蒙边界地区1∶100万地质编图成果的基础上,对中蒙边界地区构造格架进行了统一厘定和划分。该区Ⅰ级构造单元主体隶属于中亚构造带的阿尔泰—兴蒙造山系,部分属塔里木—华北陆块区。阿尔泰—兴蒙造山系可划分为10个Ⅱ级、27个Ⅲ级和69个Ⅳ级构造单元。塔里木—华北陆块部分划分出2个Ⅱ级、2个Ⅲ级和4个Ⅳ级构造单元。这些不同级别的构造单元较全面地概括了中蒙边界地区的地质面貌。     

汾河防洪专家系统的设计与应用

汾河中游防洪决策支持系统是以管理科学、运筹学、控制论和行为科学为基础,以计算机、仿真技术和信息技术为手段,是辅助管理决策人员在防洪决策活动中,具有智能作用的人一机网络系统。系统由图文信息系统、历史暴雨洪水、雨情水情测报、洪水预报调度、人工演绎系统、智能辅助系统、数据管理系统、操作使用说明等8个部分组成。汾河防洪专家系统是该系统的智能分析部分。本文着重阐述了汾河防洪专家系统的设计思想和实现途径、建立防洪专家知识库的步骤和技巧,以及系统的运行和扩展。     

桂林泥盆-石炭系碳酸盐岩剖面研究的新进展

<正> 桂林泥盆—石炭纪碳酸盐岩地层发育,类型齐全,又是举世闻名的热带岩溶发育区,素为国内外学者所瞩目。解放前,老一辈地质学家丁文江、冯景兰、乐森(王寻)、李四光、田奇(王隽)、赵金科等,在桂林做过地质工作。为本区地层工作奠定了基础。60年代,杨敬之、董得源、柳淮之等研究过桂林的层孔虫;广西区测队提交了1∶20万区测报告。但是一直未曾有人在桂林附近系统地测制剖面,也未见到系统的论著发表。      

中国铝土矿沉积中的碎屑锆石记录: 对铝土矿物源模式与矿床分类的启示*

通过收集、整理和分析来自中国20个铝土矿床/矿点的3439个碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据以及297个来自铝土矿沉积下伏碎屑岩基底的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据,对近年来中国铝土矿床的碎屑锆石年代学研究进展进行了综述。对现代热带地区红土剖面中锆石矿物稳定性评估认为在强化学风化条件下锆石颗粒仍然能保持化学与物理的稳定性,因此锆石是铝土矿沉积中良好的物源指示物。对中国铝土矿沉积物源研究表明,即使是形成在碳酸盐岩基底上的铝土矿,其中仍有大量硅铝酸盐沉积物风化产物的加入。此前的铝土矿床分类体系,多依照基岩岩性与矿体形态结构特征进行分类,在使用时可能会造成分类的模糊性与不确定性。中国铝土矿沉积中广泛存在指示准原地及异地成因的碎屑锆石组分,使用原地/异地指标也无法进行有效区分。基于以上原因,建议在考虑铝土矿分类方案时,除考虑铝土矿的风化产物属性外,还应对其作为沉积物/沉积岩的属性加以考量,新的铝土矿床分类方案是当前铝土矿研究中亟待解决的问题。此外,铝土矿的碎屑锆石年代学研究虽然为铝土矿物源研究提供了重要约束,但仍然需要结合区域地质背景及地球化学研究来提供更全面的铝土矿物源信息。     

青藏高原云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气修计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的地气系统长波射出辐射（ＯＬＲ）和云量资料,计算并讨论了青藏高原地气系统各季和年平均总云量对ＯＬＲ的强迫及其所产生的温室效应,揭示了高、低示了高、低云对ＯＬＲ强迫的特点。结果表明：高原的ＯＬＲ云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关关系,且季节变化明显;ＯＬＲ云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布与高原总云量的分布较为一致;云强迫的年变化一同     

Diagnosis and testing of low-level cloud parameterizations for the NCEP/GFS model using satellite and ground-based measurements

The objective of this study is to investigate the quality of clouds simulated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global forecast system (GFS) model and to examine the causes for some systematic errors seen in the simulations through use of satellite and ground-based measurements. In general, clouds simulated by the GFS model had similar spatial patterns and seasonal trends as those retrieved from passive and active satellite sensors, but large systematic biases exist for certain cloud regimes especially underestimation of low-level marine stratocumulus clouds in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This led to the overestimation (underestimation) of outgoing longwave (shortwave) fluxes at the top-of-atmosphere. While temperature profiles from the GFS model were comparable to those obtained from different observational sources, the GFS model overestimated the relative humidity field in the upper and lower troposphere. The cloud condensed water mixing ratio, which is a key input variable in the current GFS cloud scheme, was largely underestimated due presumably to excessive removal of cloud condensate water through strong turbulent diffusion and/or an improper boundary layer scheme. To circumvent the problem associated with modeled cloud mixing ratios, we tested an alternative cloud parameterization scheme that requires inputs of atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic variables. Much closer agreements were reached in cloud amounts, especially for marine stratocumulus clouds. We also evaluate the impact of cloud overlap on cloud fraction by applying a linear combination of maximum and random overlap assumptions with a de-correlation length determined from satellite products. Significantly better improvements were found for high-level clouds than for low-level clouds, due to differences in the dominant cloud geometry between these two distinct cloud types.     

Applications of AMSR-E Measurements for Tropical Cyclone Predictions Part Ⅰ： Retrieval of Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Speed

Existing satellite microwave algorithms for retrieving Sea Surface Temperature （SST） and Wind （SSW） are applicable primarily for non-raining cloudy conditions. With the launch of the Earth Observing System （EOS） Aqua satellite in 2002, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer （AMSRoE） onboard provides some unique measurements at lower frequencies which are sensitive to ocean surface parameters under adverse weather conditions. In this study, a new algorithm is developed to derive SST and SSW for hurricane predictions such as hurricane vortex analysis from the AMSRoE measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz. In the algorithm, the effects of precipitation emission and scattering on the measurements are properly taken into account. The algorithm performances are evaluated with buoy measurements and aircraft dropsonde data. It is found that the root mean square （RMS） errors for SST and SSW are about 1.8 K and 1.9 m s^- 1, respectively, when the results are compared with the buoy data over open oceans under precipitating clouds （e.g., its liquid water path is larger than 0.5 mm）, while they are 1.1 K for SST and 2.0 m s^-1 for SSW, respectively, when the retrievals are validated against the dropsonde measurements over warm oceans. These results indicate that our newly developed algorithm can provide some critical surface information for tropical cycle predictions. Currently, this newly developed algorithm has been implemented into the hybrid variational scheme for the hurricane vortex analysis to provide predictions of SST and SSW fields.     

气候变化背景下水资源脆弱性研究与展望

论述了气候变化背景下水资源脆弱性概念、内涵及其与适应性管理的联系;综述了水资源脆弱性定量评估方法,包括指标权重法、函数及综合指标法等;介绍了减少水资源脆弱性的适应对策研究。分析表明,联系水资源供需矛盾的水资源脆弱性既有自然变化脆弱性的一面,又有气候变化影响导致水资源供需关系发生变化以及旱涝灾害影响加剧水资源脆弱性的问题。关键是要识别影响水资源脆弱性变化的主要调控变量,通过应对气候变化的适应性对策研究,最大限度地减少水资源脆弱性。未来气候变化背景下水资源脆弱性研究,将在进一步发展脆弱性影响与评估基础上,逐步转到适应性水资源管理与对策的研究。     

琼州海峡沿岸雾统计特征及天气学预报指标

利用海口站1961～2006年高空地面观测资料,分析了琼州海峡沿岸雾的气候统计特征。结果表明：琼州海峡沿岸雾目的年际变化呈现了显著的减少趋势。20世纪70年代初期和90年代初期为雾日减少的两个气候突变期。雾日减少与气候变暖密切相关,夜间最低温度升高是引起海峡雾日减少的主要原因。琼州海峡沿岸雾多出现在冬春季节,一天中出现雾的峰值时间为06：00～07：00,消散峰值时间为08：OO～09：00。利用1987～2006年NCEP再分析资料,总结了产生琼州海峡沿岸雾的3种天气形势,根据雾的类型提出了相应的预报指标。