Progress on quantitative assessment of the impacts of climate change and human activities on cropland change

It is important to study the contributions of climate change and human activities to cropland changes in the fields of both climate change and land use change. Relationships between cropland changes and driving forces were qualitatively studied in most of the previous researches. However, the quantitative assessments of the contributions of climate change and human activities to cropland changes are needed to be explored for a better understanding of the dynamics of land use changes. We systematically reviewed the methods of identifying the contributions of climate change and human activities to cropland changes at quantitative aspects, including model analysis, mathematical statistical method, framework analysis, index assessment and difference comparison. Progress of the previous researches on quantitative evaluation of the contributions was introduced. Then we discussed four defects in the assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities. For example, the methods were lack of comprehensiveness, and the data need to be more accurate and abundant. In addition, the scale was single and the explanations were biased. Moreover, we concluded a clue about quantitative approach to assess the contributions from synthetically aspect to specific driving forces. Finally, the solutions of the future researches on data, scale and explanation were proposed.     

Strategic transformation of regionalization for the agricultural comprehensive development: The example of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development (ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionalization could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions (prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

福建海坛岛青峰老红砂旋回沉积的粒度特征及其古环境意义

福建海坛岛青峰老红砂剖面以棕红色砂层和黄橙色砂层的交替旋回变化为显著特征。通过野外考察、采样和测定分析,对青峰老红砂剖面的粒度特征及其古气候意义进行深入研究。结果表明：（1）青峰剖面棕红色砂层以细砂为主,黄橙色砂层以中砂为主,细砂-中砂在剖面上呈现明显的交替旋回变化;（2）棕红色砂层和黄橙色砂层的粒度频率曲线均以单峰加一细尾为主,含有一定量的粉砂、黏土;概率累积曲线以滚-跳-悬三段式为主,但两种砂层在组分含量、斜率等方面存在差异;（3）粒度参数呈现明显的波动旋回变化,可能指示沉积时期区域风力、搬运动力、化学风化强度方面发生了周期性变化,即棕红色砂层显示了暖湿气候条件下的红壤化过程,黄橙色砂层则显示凉干气候条件下的黄壤化过程。因此,青峰老红砂旋回沉积表明第四纪晚期以来,福建东部沿海的古气候古土壤可能经历了南亚热带（赤红壤）和暖温带（黄壤）的交替变迁。     

敦煌雅丹国家地质公园地质资源调查及地学意义

敦煌雅丹国家地质公园集雅丹和沙漠湖泊地貌类型于一体,是极端干旱区大型地貌景观类地质公园的典型代表。公园内地质遗迹资源典型,保存系统、完整,类型多样,可分为地质剖面、地质构造、地貌景观、水体景观和环境地质遗迹景观5大类。以雅丹和鸣沙山月牙泉等为代表的地貌景观与享誉国内外的古丝绸之路遗迹、敦煌文化等人文历史资源相结合,是敦煌雅丹国家地质公园的优势。敦煌雅丹与其他区域的雅丹地貌相比,除具有一定的相似性外,还具有类型多、密度大、走向变化明显形态丰富、反映了多个形成演化阶段等独特性。实施地质资源调查对保护地质遗迹、开展地质科学研究和普及地学等科学知识都有重要意义。同时,对提升景区品位,进而带动敦煌旅游业的发展都将起到积极的推动作用。     

SANDRA法对北京小时强降水扰动环流场的分型研究

利用cost733class软件中的SANDRA(Simulated ANnealing and Diversified RAndomization)客观分型方法对北京地区2007～2014年暖季5～9月的小时强降水日的500 hPa扰动位势高度场进行分型研究。结果显示,所划分的4类环流形势分别在蒙古、东北—华北地区、河套地区和俄罗斯远东地区存在扰动低压区。根据4类环流形势的质心,将2007～2014年暖季所有日划归4类,计算每类小时强降水日占各自类型总天数的百分比得出蒙古扰动低压类的小时强降水日出现概率最大。统计小时强降水日的探空廓线得出,925 hPa和850 hPa的比湿中位数分别为13.01 g kg~(-1)和10.64 g kg~(-1),这2个层级上最常出现的风向是180°～225°。     

济阳坳陷孤东油田曲流河河道储集层构型三维建模

济阳坳陷孤东油田七区西馆陶组上段为典型的曲流河沉积,其中Ng522单层发育2个大型点坝砂体,在系统的点坝砂体构型表征的基础上,探索了储集层构型界面的几何建模方法,将构型界面模型嵌入到基于三维结构化网格体的相模型中,建立了研究区26-295井区真正意义上的、更符合地下实际的三维储集层构型模型,再现了成因微相内部构型单元及界面的空间分布特征,满足了三维油藏数值模拟的需要。点坝内部的侧积层向废弃河道方向倾斜,延伸到距点坝顶三分之二的位置,点坝砂体表现为“半连通体”特征。建立了点坝内部剩余油分布模式,并指出挖潜措施。该方法在研究区应用效果较好,并可以推广到其他相似油田,这对丰富储集层地质学理论及提高油田开发效率均具有重要意义。     

基于InSAR的西安地面沉降与地裂缝发育特征研究

西安地区长期遭受地面沉降和地裂缝灾害。采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）技术对该区域1992年至今的地面沉降和地裂缝的时空特征进行了监测。主要分3个阶段进行,在每一阶段尤其对InSAR处理过程中的干涉图滤波进行了迭代自适应处理和相位解缠进行了顾及粗差的改正,通过与同期水准和GPS监测结果比较可得InSAR精度达1cm。从3个时间段的InSAR成果可以看出在空间分布上,西安市的东郊和南郊是沉降严重的区域;从时间发育来看,最大沉降阶段发生在1996年,最大沉降量达21cm,而2006年的最大沉降量减少到8cm,且沉降中心转移到西南郊;3个阶段均探测到活动地裂缝两侧的不均匀沉降,地裂缝的南侧沉降均大于北侧。该研究将为西安地区地面沉降和地裂缝的解释和减灾提供数据支持。     

煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用

煤岩是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素十分敏感的有机岩,地质演化过程中的各种构造-热事件必然导致煤岩发生一系列物理与化学结构的变化,并形成不同类型的构造煤。在构造应力作用下,煤岩不仅发生脆性和韧性变形,而且还产生不同程度的动力变质作用。因而,关于煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用的研究不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且在煤层气资源评价以及煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测方面也具有重要的实际意义。文中在已有研究成果基础上,通过对构造煤系列Ro,max、XRD和NMR(CP/MAS+TOSS)等测试和实验方法的对比研究,深入分析了煤岩不同构造变形和动力变质特征,进一步探讨了构造应力下煤岩动力变质作用的机理。研究成果表明,在构造应力作用下,煤岩脆性变形主要是通过破裂面上快速机械摩擦转化为热能而引起煤岩化学结构与其成分的改变;而韧性变形煤主要是通过局部区域应变能的积累而引起煤岩化学结构的破坏,从而发生不同机制的动力变质作用。     

内蒙古黄岗—甘珠尔庙成矿带铅锌矿综合信息找矿模型

以产于黄岗—甘珠尔庙成矿带的铅锌矿产为预测矿种,以铅锌矿矿床为目标物,较系统地分析了地层、岩浆岩等地质条件与铅锌矿产的关系,查明各种地质条件对铅锌矿产的控制作用与控制方式。二叠系与铅锌成矿在空间分布和物质成分方面有着密切的联系,锰质钙铁辉石夕卡岩及火山沉积岩为铅锌成矿提供物质来源;燕山期岩浆侵入活动形成的中酸性侵入体为有利岩体;成矿带内多组方向断裂的交汇部位是矿化富集区,使得矿床以北东成带、东西成行,各矿床之间具有等距离的特点进行分布。由地质信息、地球化学信息及矿化信息构成的矿床级别的综合信息找矿模型,为成矿带内铅锌矿产预测提供了理论依据。     

地库开挖对已建主楼影响的数值模拟

在基坑开挖过程中,邻近重要建筑物的保护是一个重要的研究课题。对于含有地下车库和主楼的大面积基坑,往往主楼的开挖和建造先于地下车库,而地库往往紧挨着主楼,这就必然出现地库开挖对已建或在建主楼的影响问题。本文结合实际工程,采用有限元分析方法,模拟地库开挖对已建主楼的影响情况。