Application of Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Lipids in Paleoenvironment Reconstruction of Loess Deposits: A Review of Recent Progresses

The Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (GDGTs) occur ubiquitously in a wide range of environments, such as loess, peat, lake, soil, and ocean, which vary compositionally in response to environmental changes, and provide a series of biomarker proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper introduced the structures and biological sources of GDGTs, and reviewed the recent progresses of the application of the GDGTs proxies in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of loess deposits. The main progresses include: \mathrm{①} The GDGTs proxies have been widely used in reconstructing the climate changes in loess deposits, and have established the temperature changes of last 800 ka for the Chinese Loess Plateau; \mathrm{②}Temperature variations in Chinese Loess Plateau displayed significant correlation with the Northern Hemisphere insolation, which may be also regulated by the surface vegetation conditions; and \mathrm{③} In the Chinese Loess Plateau, the increase in monsoon precipitation during the last deglaciation significantly lagged behind the rise of temperature. However, problems still exist in the current studies. For instance, the GDGTs-based temperature is likely overestimated, probably reflecting the temperature of warm season, and relationships between GDGT indices and climate factors are still unclear. In the future, the development of new proxies and more accurate regional calibrations based on the separation of 6- methyl GDGTs are expected to provide more reliable paleoenvironmental information, and will provide essential evidence for the evolution of hydrothermal pattern and mechanisms behind climate changes in different regions.     

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The compaction effect on the performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail in sand

In this study, two series of physical modeling experiments, with and without a grouting process, were conducted under different grouting pressures to study the effect of compaction grouting on the performance of compaction-grouted soil nails. In addition, a hyperbola-based model was proposed to describe the variation of the pullout forces with and without grouting. Some of the main conclusions drawn are as follows. First, the compaction effect initially influences the mobilized pullout force, but not the final stage of pullout; the large difference between the two series of tests in regard to the pullout force at the initial stage led to the first part of this conclusion. However, the final pullout force results of the tests, both those with and those without grouting, were similar. Second, once the soil condition changes, the compaction effect on the performance of a soil nail depends on the grouting pressure rather than the diameter of the grout bulb. Third, the difference in the soil response (i.e., vertical dilatancy and the vertical and horizontal squeezing effects) derived from the compaction grouting effect will result in the initial difference in the increased rate of the pullout force between the tests with a grouting process and those without. Finally, a hyperbola-based model was proposed to describe the variation of the pullout force of the model tests with and without grouting, through which the pullout force is available of prediction for the given diameter of grout bulb and pullout displacement.

     

数学形态学在黄土地貌单元分类学上的应用

以黄土高原的遥感图像为基本信息源,利用数学形态学方法提取黄土高原地貌单元,分别计算出各个地貌单元的形状指数、面积周长比、分形分维指数和由形状复杂和边界扭曲引起的FD(分形分维)值变化数等6项数学形态特征,并进行统计分析,利用这些参数对每类地貌单元进一步分类,同时对各项数学形态特征在黄土高原地貌单元分类上作为分类特征的可靠性和可行性进行论证,并对黄土高原地貌单元分类进行定量化方面的探讨和研究,取得了较理想的结果。     

东营凹陷史112区块沙三中亚段深水重力流体系精细刻画及在开发中的意义

深水重力流作为一种重要的、特殊类型的沉积体系,自发现以来就得到了学术界的广泛关注,并在油气勘探中日益受到重视。东营凹陷古近系沙三中段发育深水重力流体系,综合地震、岩心、测录井等资料,对郝家油田史112区块深水重力流体系的沉积类型、特征及在不同层序中的发育演化进行了精细刻画,总结了该区重力流沉积模式,为开发区储层预测提供重要参考。研究表明,本区深水重力流体系发育于三级层序的高位域,从下至上可划分出4个四级层序(SQQ^1-4),主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型,可识别出12种岩相组合。四级层序$\mathrm{SQQ}_{3}^{2}$时期重力流规模较小,$\mathrm{SQQ}_{3}^{3}$时期随着东营三角洲向湖盆中心推进,重力流规模扩大。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘或前三角洲斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,逐渐转化成浊流沉积。三角洲前缘及前三角洲的浊流和碎屑流是开发井区进一步寻找储层的有利部位。     

青海共和盆地早全新世古风向重建及其对黄土物源的指示

青藏高原东北部地处黄土与沙漠的过渡地区,在冰期-间冰期旋回中受中纬西风与东亚季风环流的交替控制,曾发生大范围的沙漠进退,是黄土高原重要的潜在物源区。恢复该区地质历史时期的大气环流格局可为重建东亚地区的环境面貌、探讨黄土高原的物源区、检验东亚地区古气候模拟结果的有效性等方面提供重要依据。但目前对高原东北部的古大气环流特征却鲜有研究。青藏高原东北部保存有一系列的古沙丘,可为古大气环流的重建提供直接依据。本文选取青海共和盆地一处代表性新月形古沙丘开展光释光测年研究,并通过其平面形态和前积层产状恢复了当时的古风向。结果表明:共和盆地的风沙活动自早全新世以来开始显著减弱,此时近地面盛行与现今风向一致的西北风。前人的研究揭示出青藏高原东北部在冰期时很可能盛行西风,并存在广泛的荒漠化,因而很可能是黄土高原冰期时重要的物源区之一。而本研究指示,该区的盛行风向在早全新世以来转变为西北风,且荒漠范围显著退缩,导致其全新世不再是黄土高原的物源区。青藏高原东北部的盛行风向和荒漠范围在冰期-间冰期旋回中的这种变化,为理解黄土高原的粉尘物源在空间和冰期-间冰期旋回上的变化提供了依据。     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis Analysis of Deju Basalt in Midu County,Western Yunnan

Doklady Earth Sciences - Deju basalts is a characteristic volcanic association and was first founded in the 1 : 50 000 regional geological survey. There is no previous...     

DO4事件的精确定年及亚旋回特征: 来自福建龙岩仙云洞石笋的证据*

DO4事件(Dansgaard-Oeschger event 4,简称DO4事件)是发生在MIS3阶段后期的1次明显升温事件。根据福建仙云洞石笋(编号XYⅢ-28)300~500 mm层段6个高精度²³⁰Th年龄和188个氧同位素数据,获得了29.13~27.94 kyrB.P.时期平均分辨率达7 yr的东亚夏季风强度的演变过程数据。该石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录的DO4事件起止时间为28.83±0.06~28.46±0.06 kyr B.P.,持续时间为0.37±0.06 kyr。相对基于GICC05年层计数时标NGRIP冰芯 δ¹⁸O 记录在DO4开始阶段的突变特征,仙云洞石笋记录的DO4事件开始阶段 δ¹⁸O 值在145±60 yr内偏负0.4‰,表现为相对缓慢的变化特征,这说明仙云洞所处的中国东南沿海地区有可能受到热带低纬海气耦合的影响。此外,仙云洞石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录揭示了在DO4事件内部及附近存在一系列的百年至十年际尺度夏季风增强事件,与格陵兰冰芯 δ¹⁸O 记录、阿拉伯海海盆反照率记录的DO4事件亚旋回结构在定年误差范围内相对应,表明东亚夏季风强度与北高纬温度变化和ITCZ(赤道辐合带)位置移动在百年至十年际尺度上存在紧密的联系。     

煤及非煤的界定研究

目前,我国对煤的定义似乎很明确,但在实际应用中会遇到煤与非煤的界定问题,其势必影响到煤炭的合理划分及应用。为此从煤的沉积及变质演化入手,明确煤与炭质泥岩、天然焦、石墨等演化关系,进而从其相互间的物质成分差异、变质程度及宏观与显微特征差异加以界定,初步总结出划分煤及其相邻非煤类别的灰分、水分、变质程度、宏观和显微的差异特征,为后续煤和邻近非煤划分提供理论参考。     

The behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundation under long-term dynamic loads: model tests

In order to reduce the effects of the low strength and high compressibility of soft soil, geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundations (GRPF) are widely applied for the construction of high-speed railways. Though its reinforcement effect is proved acceptable in practices so far, it is unclear whether it will keep this performance as the train speed continues increasing. Since it is impossible to study the problem in field tests, only mathematical and physical models can be used. However, the nonlinear behaviour of the soft soil complicates the use of analytical models. Therefore, this paper presents a small-scale model test to study the possible changes in stress distribution and deformation in the GRPF under increasing dynamic loads. One test with a natural foundation, without piles or geosynthetic, shows the difference with a similar construction with GRPF foundation. Furthermore, three GRPF tests show the influence of the embankment thickness. The results show the long-term dynamic loading significantly affects the dynamic stress and displacements of the subsoil between the piles of the GRPF. This effect can be divided into three stages with an increasing level of load amplitude: no impact, advantageous impact, and adverse impact. When the dynamic load reaches the adverse impact stage, the long-term dynamic loads reduce the dynamic pile–soil stress ratio, which means that more soil settlement will develop, because more dynamic stress is applied to the soft soil. The test results show that the reduction in dynamic stress on the subsoil in the GRPF construction is clearly lower than the dynamic stress on the natural foundation, due to the existence of rigid piles. Moreover, a thicker embankment gives significantly lower dynamic stresses on the subsoil between the piles. For the thickest embankment tested, the adverse impact stage was not found at all: the arching kept enhancing under long-term dynamic loading with high load amplitudes.