振荡交换-抽滤淋洗结合凯氏定氮法快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量

测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的行业标准方法(LY/T1243—1999)是采取离心分离结合手工蒸馏进行滴定,耗时长、操作繁琐。为了缩短反应时间,提高检测效率,本文利用乙酸铵对酸性和中性土壤进行处理,用氯化铵-乙酸铵对石灰性土壤进行处理,应用振荡和抽滤装置快速交换和清洗阳离子,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对吸附的铵根离子进行测定,由此计算CEC值。结果表明:在最佳的振荡和蒸馏时间、滴定酸浓度、指示剂配比等实验条件下,一个批次样品(100件)的分析流程仅需要12h,比传统方法检测时间缩短近80%。经国家标准物质验证,测定结果与推荐值相符,5次测定的相对标准偏差均小于1. 5%。本方法免去了多次离心分离操作,解决了待测成分损失、CEC测定值偏低的问题,提高了检测效率和准确度,较林业标准方法的成本低,可操作性强,适用于土壤环境质量评价、地区土壤抽样调查等大批量土壤样品分析。     

利用测井资料建立地层剪破裂模型

利用测井资料建立地层剪破裂模型是对现有张破裂的有效补充,有利于完善钻井、压裂等石油工程中的破裂机理。运用FMI（地层微电阻率扫描成像）测井资料能识别钻井诱导缝和剪破裂的方位、数量和密度。本文通过对地层剪破裂的理论研究和影响因素分析,利用内摩擦系数与矿物含量之间的非线性假设,建立了地层剪破裂的临界剪应力模型。研究发现,地层中的黏土矿物含量、内摩擦系数、内聚强度和应力大小是诱发剪破裂的重要因素。利用内摩擦系数（或内摩擦角）与泥质体积分数之间的统计回归模型简化了地层剪破裂模型,并增强了模型的适用性。实际资料表明,地层发生剪破裂时的临界剪应力与钻井诱导缝数量之间呈反比关系,理论研究与实际资料具有良好的一致性。     

蓄水后库岸堆积体边坡变形特征及其稳定性分析

水库蓄水极易诱发库区地质灾害,所以研究水库库岸堆积体边坡在蓄水前后的变形特征及其稳定性具有重要意义。本文基于现场详细的工程地质勘察资料和监测资料,分析了堆积体边坡的结构特征和变形特征;在此基础上,对堆积体的形成和变形机制进行了探讨;最后,采用离散元数值计算方法,对堆积体边坡在蓄水前后的稳定性进行了计算分析。研究结果表明：堆积体形成于古滑坡,水库在短时间（两个月）内大幅度抬高水位近40.00 m,从而激活了古滑坡,导致变形的产生;排水洞和排水孔的施工有效降低了坡体内地下水位,有效减缓了变形的发展,部分测点变形有收敛趋势,但仍需进一步观测。     

四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组地球化学特征及其意义

对四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行综合研究,得出其主量元素具有富SiO₂、CaO、P₂O₅,贫Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、Na₂O、K₂O的特征; 微量元素具有富Zr、Cs、Th、U等特征; 稀土元素总量相对较高,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土较重稀土相对富集,具有中等负铕异常。白果湾组物源区为长英质岩区,属于被动大陆边缘区; 白果湾期的气候经历了湿润→干旱→湿润→干旱的变化过程; 成分成熟度总体偏低,呈现高→低→高→低的变化规律,与CIA变化趋势呈负相关。本次研究为该区晚三叠世环境演化研究提供了基础资料。     

Mechanical Properties and Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Surrounding Rocks of Tunnels Excavated in Soft Rocks

As soft rocks are likely to soften, slime and swell while contacting water, the existence of soft rocks is harmful for stability of surrounding rocks and supporting structures of tunnels. Through uniaxial and triaxial tests under dry condition and triaxial test with different moisture contents, the mechanical properties and failure modes of soft rocks were studied under conditions that the schistosity plane of the rock samples was vertical to, presented an oblique angle with, and paralleled to the loading direction. The results showed that peak strengths in natural and water-bearing states increased with increasing confining pressures, while those in water-bearing state were 40% lower than those in natural state. The samples were mainly subjected to ductile failure in both natural and water-bearing states while the samples in natural state exhibited a certain brittle failure characteristic in post-peak phase. With the increase of confining pressures, the post-peak curve gradually became gentle after certain brittle failure while the post-peak stresses had an insignificant change. In comparison, the samples in water-bearing state showed significant post-peak disparity, that is, exhibited strong ductile failure characteristic. Moreover, the fitting relationship between triaxial compressive strength and moisture of soft rocks can be expresses as σ ₁ = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0) while that between elasticity modulus and moisture can be expresses as E = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0).     

开敞式潮滩-潮沟系统发育演变动力机制——Ⅱ.潮汐作用

为研究潮汐作用下潮沟网络形成、演变规律,结合江苏沿海粉砂淤泥质潮滩实际情况,建立试验室物理模型,模拟具有一定坡度的潮滩在潮汐作用下的地形演变,分析了潮沟发育演变中的水沙运动规律,研究了潮差对于潮沟发育的影响。研究表明,潮沟发育过程受到床面坡度变化的影响,坡度均一的潮滩上,潮沟系统通过相邻小潮沟相互连接而形成,没有明显的潮沟头部溯源侵蚀现象;在潮汐作用下,涨潮初期和落潮后期水流流速较快,泥沙运动主要出现在这一阶段,在潮滩中部泥沙运动最为剧烈;潮差对于潮沟系统形态和结构的影响较小,潮滩排水路径长度与子流域面积呈幂函数分布,潮差越大则潮沟系统越早达到动态平衡,且具有更大的拓宽潮沟的作用。     

Spatial-temporal Variations of H2 Concentration in Soil Gas in the Seismic Fault Zone Produced by the Wenchuan MS 8.0 Earthquake

Degassing of Hydrogen (H₂) from fault may be a good indicator of fault activity. The concentration of H₂ in soil gas in the seismic surface rupture zone produced by the Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake was investigated in twenty three measuring regions in order to explore the relationship between the spatio-temporal variations of H₂ concentration in soil gas along the seismic rupture zone and the vertical displacements and aftershocks activities. The results indicated: ① the sources of H₂ were directly related to from the release of natural gas reservoirs; ②the average concentration of H₂ in soil gas spatially decreased from Yingxiu to Nanba; ③the magnitudes of the H₂ concentration anomalies declined significantly with time. It is very significant to study the variation tendency of atmospheric environment with further research of degassing of H₂ from faults.     

阵列式探地雷达信号极化场特征

阵列式观测是探地雷达系统研制和新型探测方法的一个重要发展趋势,而同形多源并发地下目标响应特征分析成为系统研制和数据处理研究的基础和前提。阵列式天线的多源并发信号及目标反射信号存在复杂的极化特性,但同时也包含更多目标特征的响应信息。本文针对基于似平面波探地雷达系统,分析了目标体在极化平面波照射下的响应特征,从多极化信号角度分析典型地下目标体形态特征;并采用时域有限差分正演分析方法,通过对阵列天线接收到的数据沿时间轴进行积分来获得目标在地表投影的分布情况,分析了一维及二维分布的收发天线阵列对目标的检测。研究成果表明,多极化综合特征分析能够有效改善目标检测的稳定性,提高目标响应信号的信噪比,减弱天线方向图和目标散射截面闪烁对数据剖面的影响,降低数据处理和解释的难度。     

Effects of waterlogging and cadmium on ecophysiological responses and metal bio-accumulation in Bermuda grass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynodon dactylon</Emphasis>)

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) can endure long-term and deep submergence stress and cadmium toxicity, respectively. But we do not know whether they can endure cadmium plus waterlogging and what are the differences of ecophysiological responses and metal bio-accumulation of Bermuda grass subjected to normal condition, waterlogging, cadmium or cadmium-and-waterlogging treatments, respectively. Here, the four treatments on Bermuda grass are performed with four replications. Our objective is to determine the ecophysiological responses and endurance abilities, cadmium and zinc bio-concentration and translocation, and the metal uptake mechanisms of Bermuda grass subjected to the four treatments. Our results demonstrated different treatments showed different ecophysiological responses in Bermuda grass. The shoot weights of cadmium treatment were significantly lower than those of the other treatments when the values determined after treated 25 d. Cadmium had a certain promotion effect on the root growth at the early growth stage. SPAD values indicate the relative amounts of chlorophyll present in plant leaves. SPAD value of 35 d was higher than 25 d of cadmium treatment, indicating cadmium had negative effects on chlorophyll contents in the early stage, but the negative effects might be ameliorated as plants adapted to cadmium stress. Waterlogging induced the biomass decrease and accelerated cadmium translocation. The plant leaves had the highest cadmium contents exposed to cadmium-and-waterlogging treatment, while the root showed the highest cadmium contents suffered only cadmium stress. The bio-concentration factor of cadmium-and-waterlogging treatment was less than that of cadmium treatment, but the translocation factor of cadmium-and-waterlogging treatment was much greater than that of cadmium treatment, which indicated phytostabilization was the main phytoremediation process subjected to only cadmium stress, while phytoextraction was the main process when exposed to cadmium-and-waterlogging treatment. Bermuda grass was a cadmium hyperaccumulator and had strong adaptability to waterlogging, cadmium toxicity or both.