Statistical analysis of the temporal stability of soil moisture in three desert regions of northwestern China

Soil moisture and its variations are key factors for understanding hydrological processes, which are characterized by a high temporal variability at different scales. The study was conducted at three field stations in the desert regions of northwestern China, where soil moisture measurements with gravimetric method were used to characterize the temporal stability of soil moisture using various statistical parameters and an index of temporal stability (ITS). The soils are a gray–brown desert soil at the Linze station, an aeolian sandy soil at the Fukang station, and a brown desert soil at the Cele station. Soil textures are accordingly sandy loam at Linze and Cele, and loamy sand at Fukang. The dynamic variation in soil moisture depends strongly on the rainfall pattern (amount and frequency) in these desert ecosystems. Soil moisture content is low and significantly different among the three desert ecosystems, with the maximum at the Linze station (6.61 ± 2.08 %), followed by the Cele (4.83 ± 0.81 %) and Fukang (3.46 ± 0.47 %) stations. The temporal pattern exhibits high variability because soil moisture is characterized by low temporal stability and a high coefficient of variation (CV). The standard deviation, CV, and ITS increase significantly with increasing soil moisture. Soil moisture displays a skewed frequency distribution that follows a logarithmic function at lower soil moisture but a log-normal distribution at higher values.     

火焰原子吸收法测定和计算误差的减小

通过对火焰原子吸收法样品分析误差产生的各主要环节的分析和实验的验证 ,指出在盐湖资源开发过程产生的混合样品分析中 ,样品稀释倍数、光谱干扰、电离干扰和计算方法是影响结果准确性的主要因素 ,进一步提出了减小误差的办法 ,并给出了用Excel处理数据的示例表格和相应的VBA程序代码。     

Windows终端在地震监测网络中的解决方案

地震监测是一项对震情应急反映要快 ,系统网络安全性要求较高的工作 ,Windows终端就是建立在系统网络的基础上 ,以允许多个用户同时登录到一台服务器并运行服务器上应用的网络系统终端。它具有成本低 ,安全性好 ,解决网络阻塞能力强 ,应急反映速度快等优势。“Windows终端”的局域网模式是目前应用较为广泛 ,使用性能较好的一种网络连接方式。本文系作者在参加福建省地震局“1 0 5 - 0 3”十五重点项目中 ,对监测中心的台网监测网络系统建设的思考。目前我局新办公楼即将竣工 ,我监测中心新的办公写字间网络系统连接方式 ,选择“Windows终端”不失为一个较好的方案。     

Multiwavelength Doppler factors for Fermi-detected gamma-ray loud blazars

We collect a sample of 51 Fermi-detected gamma-ray loud blazars with known radio Doppler factors and study properties of the Doppler factors of blazars at optical,X-ray and gamma-ray bands.A basic assumption is that the emission from the radio to gamma-ray bands of the blazars are produced by the nonthermal radiation of accelerated particles in a jet.Our results show that (1) the Doppler factors of blazars are a function of frequency,with the Doppler factor decreasing with frequency from the radio to X-ray ...     

Quasi-plane-hypothesis of strain coordination for RC beams seismically strengthened with externally-bonded or near-surface mounted fiber reinforced plastic

The application of fiber reinforced plastic(FRP),including carbon FRP and glass FRP,for structural repair and strengthening has grown due to their numerous advantages over conventional materials such as externally bonded reinforcement(EBR) and near-surface mounted(NSM) strengthening techniques.This paper summarizes the results from 21 reinforced concrete beams strengthened with different methods,including externally-bonded and near-surface mounted FRP,to study the strain coordination of the FRP and steel rebar of the RC beam.Since there is relative slipping between the RC beam and the FRP,the strain of the FRP and steel rebar of the RC beam satisfy the quasi-plane-hypothesis;that is,the strain of the longitudinal fiber that parallels the neutral axis of the plated beam within the scope of the effective height(h 0) of the cross section is in direct proportion to the distance from the fiber to the neutral axis.The strain of the FRP and steel rebar satisfies the equation:ε FRP =βε steel,and the value of β is equal to 1.1-1.3 according to the test results.     

Sediment geochemical records of environmental change in Lake Wuliangsu, Yellow River Basin, north China

We present a paleolimnological record from shallow Lake Wuliangsu in the Yellow River Basin, north China, using a short (56 cm) sediment core. Our objective was to investigate environmental changes in this semi-arid region over the past ~150 years. The sediment core was dated using ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb. We examined stratigraphic trends in core lithology, nutrients, stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and trace element concentrations in the Lake Wuliangsu core to discern between natural sediments and those affected by human agency. A lithologic transition from yellow, coarse-grained sediment to grey, fined-grained sediment marked the lake’s formation about 1860. Until ~1950, sediments displayed relatively low and constant heavy metal concentrations, indicating little human influence. In the 1950s, enrichment factors (EFs) increased, reflecting greater impact of human activities. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in organic matter (OM), along with heavy metal concentrations, were used to infer past shifts in trophic state and identify pollutants that came from agriculture, industry and urbanization. In the late 1950s, the first evidence for environmental change is recorded by increases in total organic carbon (TOC), total organic nitrogen (TN), TOC/TN, EFs, δ¹³C and a decrease in δ¹⁵N. After about year 2000, a more rapid increase in trophic status occurred, as indicated by greater total phosphorus (TP), EFs, δ¹⁵N and lower δ¹³C values. Changes in isotope and TOC/TN values in the lake sediments may reflect a shift in lake ecology during this period. The first increase in trophic status during the late 1950s was mainly a result of agricultural development in the catchment. In contrast, the change after ca. AD 2000 was driven largely by urban and industrial development. Agreement between paleolimnologic data from Lake Wuliangsu, and both instrumental and written records, indicates that the lake sediments provide a reliable archive for investigating the formation and environmental history of the lake.     

河南省产业关联效应研究

运用2007年河南省和全国投入产出表基础数据,从纵横两个方面比较分析了河南省产业关联特征。研究结果表明:河南省农业前向、后向关联能力较强,基础地位突出;矿产资源采掘及加工业优势突出;制造业尤其是装备制造业辐射力不足,高端生产性服务业及公共服务业前向、后向关联效应较弱,服务消费不足;服务业增加值率较低,并且制造业对传统生产性服务业中间需求比重明显高于全国水平,而对高端生产性服务业的中间需求低于全国水平。     

城乡差距的核心-边缘模型分析

将地区划分为城区和农村两区域系统,构建一个综合考虑城乡劳动力迁移、环境污染、农业生产效率、城乡贸易和公共服务基础设施建设等诸因素的核心-边缘模型,以深入系统地考察城乡差距问题,对于解决现有城乡问题有着重要的理论和现实意义.研究表明:劳动力向城区迁移有助于提高城镇和农村居民的生活效用水平,并缩小城乡差距;环境污染物排放对居民生活造成负面影响,生产活动的集聚对城乡差距的影响取决于污染的危害程度;倘若农业生产的环境影响较小,农业生产效率的提高可以缩小城乡差距;城乡间交通基础设施建设、城区交通及通信设施建设和产业集聚等将提高城镇居民效用水平,拉大城乡差距.     

An environmental decision‐support system for the management of water pollution in a tidal river network

This paper is about the development of a decision‐support system for water‐pollution management and environmental planning. More specifically, the paper first presents the overall concept and the system architecture of a generic environmental decision‐support system (EDSS) and then develops an EDSS especially for analysing the tidal flow pattern and water quality of China's Pearl River Delta. The EDSS developed here employs the object‐oriented approach to design the environmental database and utilizes the system integration technology to develop the overall user‐friendly system that operates in the Windows environment. Furthermore, the system can be expanded to facilitate automated model selection and analysis. The EDSS should be of value for managing water quality of river networks with complicated flow patterns, such as that found in the Pearl River Delta.     

干旱对青藏高原腹地高寒草地生态系统净CO2交换的影响

干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。