完善上海市海洋倾废管理的对策研究

文章分析上海市海洋倾废管理在法制建设、资源化利用、倾倒活动控制、采样检测和评价标准、审批效率以及倾废监管机制等方面存在的问题,针对问题提出加快推进海洋倾废管理法制建设、引导促进疏浚泥的资源化利用、科学调控海洋倾废活动、制定新的疏浚物采样和成分检测评价标准、通过审批标准化提高审批效率、建立海洋倾废综合监管机制6个方面的对策措施,从管理、审批和执法3个环节对海洋倾废活动实施全方位、全覆盖和全过程监管,为上海市海洋环境综合管理提供保障。     

面向事件过程的秦岭南北极端降水时空变化特征

基于72个气象站点1970—2017年逐日降水和气温数据,面向极端降水过程,对秦岭南北4种极端降水类型（偏前型、偏后型、均衡型和单日型）时空变化特征进行分析,进而探讨不同分区、不同类型极端降水与区域增温的响应关系。结果表明：① 从长期气候角度分析,秦岭南北降水格局稳定,3个分区降水变化空间响应具有一致性,共同表现出“降水以波动为主,降水量近期增加,降水日数下降,整体呈现极端化”的特征;② 在极端降水主导类型上,以累计降水量为判断标准,秦岭以北为均衡型主导,兼有偏后型;秦岭南坡类型组合关系较弱,为单一均衡型,汉江谷地西侧为“均衡型+偏后型”,东侧为“均衡型+偏前型”组合;以累积降水频次为判断标准,秦岭南北主导类型为偏前型,其次是偏后型,汉江谷地“偏前型+偏后型”组合形态更突出;③ 秦岭南北极端降水与区域变暖关系密切。当气温升高时,持续性极端降水呈下降趋势,单日型极端降水呈增加趋势。其中,秦岭以北偏前型和均衡型极端降水在下降,秦岭南坡响应密切的为偏后型,汉江谷地为均衡型和偏后型;④ 面向极端降水事件过程,将极端降水事件细化,可有效验证极端降水对气候变暖响应的结论,对未来研究方法完善和研究思路设计具有启示性。     

面向国土空间规划的测绘地理信息技术及数据成果服务应用展望

新时代国土空间规划体系的顶层设计和“四梁八柱”建设及未来的智慧型国土空间规划需要数字化、信息化技术支撑。以空间数据获取与分析为主要特征的测绘地理信息,能为国土空间规划的编制、审批、修改和实施监督各环节提供有效的技术服务和基于数据成果的定制服务。而融合现状数据、规划数据、管理数据,实现统一“底图”、统一“底数”、统一“底线”、统一“底板”的国土空间规划“一张图”,以及支撑国土空间规划动态监测评估预警的国土空间规划“一张图”实施监督信息系统,是可感知、能学习、善治理和自适应的智慧型国土空间规划发展的重要保障。本文在梳理“五级三类”国土空间规划体系基本构成和特征的基础上,从技术体系和数据成果定制体系两个方面,研究了面向国土空间规划的测绘地理信息服务体系,展望了面向智慧型国土空间规划的测绘地理信息应用。     

水系结构遥感影像特征对自然灾害的指示意义研究：以陕西省为例

以ＭＳＳ影像、ＴＭ 影像和部分航片为基本信息源, 并结合一些相关资料, 以陕西省为例, 对水系结构进行分析研究, 据其影像特征, 将陕西省水系分为陕北型、秦岭型和关中型。并进一步探讨了水系结构的影像特征对自然灾害判读、解译的重要指示意义, 并且, 利用水系结构的遥感影像特征, 有助于找出自然灾害发生发展的规律, 采取合理治理措施, 以达到防灾减灾的目的。     

Characteristics of annual laminae gray level variations in a stalagmite from Shihua Cave, Beijing and its climatic significance (II)

The annual laminae gray level variations in the stalagmite TS9501 of Shihua Cave, Beijing are studied in detail. The environmental factors influencing the laminae gray level are also analyzed. The following conditions may be necessary to the study on the lamina gray level. A) The seasonal differences of climate in the studied area are strong. B) The cave has a rapid and simple hydrological connection with the surface, such that the gray level variation is great; therefore, climatic changes can be more clearly recorded in a stalagmite. C) No water from other sources due to lateral flow adds to the seepage over the cave. D) There are more organic impurities than inorganic ones, whose content changes distinctly with time in the sample. By comparison with the modern instrumental climate records, it was found that the gray level of laminae is mainly related to the air temperature, especially the summer mean temperature. Therefore, the gray level can be used as a proxy of the air temperature. The variation of the lamina gray level also represents the oscillation of Indian summer monsoon as identified in the modern climate records. The variability of the temperature in Beijing area over the last 1 ka is reconstructed. The results show that there are several cold periods corresponding to historical records. An important phenomenon is noticed that the climatic pattern before about 1400AD is different from that after about 1400AD. In Beijing area, before about 1400AD, low amplitude and high frequency temperature oscillations dominated the signal. The climate pattern is warm-dry and cold-wet. After about 1400AD, both the temperature and rainfall varied synchronously, temperature oscillated strongly and the Little Ice Age occurred. The climate pattern is cold-dry and warm-wet. This transition of the climate pattern is also observed in other worldwide paleoclimatic records, demonstrating that there was a global climate event at about 1400AD.     

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China

Understanding the spatial interactions among multiple ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem services management. Ecosystem services, including crop production, freshwater supply, aquatic production, net primary production, soil conservation, water conservation, flood regulation, forest recreation, were measured at 1-km grid scale covering the Taihu Lake Basin (TLB) of China. Our objective is to get a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distributions, trade-offs, synergies of multiple ecosystem services across the TLB. Our results found that: 1) majority of ecosystem services were clustered in space and had a similar spatial distribution pattern with the geographical resource endowment. Most of the landscape contributed a high supply of no services, one or two, and a low supply of three to seven services. 2) There were high correlation between forest recreation and freshwater supply and regulating services. Aquatic production had low correlation with other services. 3) The changes of provisioning services led to trade-offs between regulating services and cultural services in the TLB, while synergies mainly occurred among the provisioning service. 4) The spatial relationships of multiple services are consistent at 1-km spatial scale, counties and provinces. This research could help integrate multiple ecosystem services across scales and serve as a reference for decision making.     

云南普朗斑岩型铜多金属矿床气液隐爆角砾岩的发现及其找矿意义

云南普朗铜多金属矿是格咱岛弧内一个典型的斑岩型矿床,尽管前人对该矿床开展了若干研究,但对于该矿床是否存在叠加成矿作用仍存在争议。研究团队在普朗典型矿床调研过程中,在普朗I号探矿平硐中首次发现了气液隐爆角砾岩。详细的岩相学及矿相学研究表明,隐爆角砾岩角砾为含矿石英二长斑岩,胶结物为细粒石英,且细粒石英中含有黄铜矿连晶。根据气液隐爆角砾岩产出位置及特征推断,隐爆作用系石英二长斑岩就位之后的岩浆活动引起,并伴随成矿作用发生。普朗斑岩型铜多金属矿成矿作用由卡尼阶与诺利阶两个成矿阶段构成,其中铜成矿作用跨越了卡尼阶和诺利阶,而钼成矿始于诺利阶。综合分析指出,普朗矿区深部具有斑岩型钼(铜)多金属矿的找矿潜力。     

拉萨城市圈1994—2017年生态质量的时空动态监测及驱动力分析

拉萨城市圈是西藏自治区生态环境与城镇化作用突出的区域,近年来已经出现草场退化、土壤沙化等生态环境问题,对该区域生态质量状况的监测迫在眉睫,但目前又缺少对该区域精细尺度的生态质量状况研究。鉴于此,论文利用Google Earth Engine遥感大数据平台的并行计算优势,基于Landsat TM/ETM+卫星影像,通过遥感生态指数(remote sensing ecological index,RSEI)方法监测了拉萨城市圈1994—2017年生态质量的时空变化,深入分析了生态质量变化的气候驱动因子和土地利用转移因子,探索了气候综合驱动的时空分布特征及其变化。结果表明：(1)在1994—2017年期间,拉萨城市圈的生态质量良好,在空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐降低趋势,生态质量整体有改善趋势,改善比重为45.98%;(2)热度是RSEI的内部主控因素,对RSEI产生负向影响,体现了气候变暖对研究区生态质量的抑制作用;(3)蒸汽压亏缺、气候水分亏缺是生态质量变化的主要气候驱动因子,草地向其他用地的转移是主要的土地利用驱动因子;(4)气候综合驱动在研究期间整体有减弱趋势,分布格局自西南向东北逐渐...     

Vegetation dynamics in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to climate factors between 2000 and 2014

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset, we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba (Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014. The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage. The results of the study showed that (1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014 (linear tendency, 2.8%/10a). During this period, a stable increase was detected before 2010 (linear tendency, 4.32%/10a), followed by a sharp decline after 2010 (linear tendency,–6.59%/10a). (2) Spatially, vegetation cover showed a “high in the middle and a low in the surroundings” pattern. High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province. (3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 81.32% and 18.68%, respectively, during the study period. Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014. (4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains. About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future, while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend. (5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation. Moreover, vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years. (6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects (through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects (through urbanization) were observed.     

胜利油田主体地区闪电活动气候特征

利用山东电网雷电监测定位系统（SLDN）2005—2007年的地闪定位资料,对胜利油田主体地区闪电活动的时空分布特征及其规律进行研究。结果表明：该地区逐月闪电次数差异较大,闪电的季节变化明显,7月份闪电最多。近3年闪电活动日分布呈现双峰形式,最高峰值时间段在00：00-01：00之间,次高峰值时段出现在17：00—18：00之间。空间分布上,闪电多发生在在广饶县南部地区和黄河入海口地区。正地闪占总地闪的百分比为7％,正闪的平均强度为51．3kA,负闪的平均强度为35．36kA。