青海“三稀”矿床成矿系列、成矿规律与找矿方向

青海“三稀”矿以稀有金属矿产和伴生稀散元素矿产为主, 稀土矿床分布于拉脊山成矿带和柴北缘成矿带, 类型仅有岩浆型(轻稀土)和岩浆热液型(轻稀土), 成矿于早古生代奥陶纪和志留纪, 成矿环境研究程度较低。稀有金属矿床主要出露于西秦岭成矿带和柴达木成矿带, 类型可分为与岩浆作用有关的岩浆型(铌、钽)、伟晶岩型(锂、铍、铌、钽)、岩浆热液型(铌、钽); 与沉积作用有关的蒸发沉积型(锂)和化学沉积型(锶), 岩浆作用矿床成矿高峰期为中生代三叠纪, 成矿于古特提斯演化后碰撞环境, 沉积作用矿床成矿爆发期为新生代新近纪和第四纪, 与青藏高原强烈抬升所致的断陷成盆及干旱气候有关; 稀散元素矿床均为有色金属矿床的伴生矿, 广泛分布于北祁连成矿带、柴北缘成矿带、东昆仑成矿带、西秦岭成矿带和阿尼玛卿成矿带, 矿种多样, 已知成矿元素有Ga、Ge、Cd、In、Se、Te等, 矿床类型丰富, 主要包括海相火山岩型、接触交代型和陆相火山岩型, 成矿时代相对集中于早古生代奥陶纪、晚古生代二叠纪和中生代三叠纪, 可能形成于原特提斯演化弧后盆地、岩浆弧环境。依据矿床时空分布特征、成矿作用及成矿地质背景, 将青海“三稀”矿产划分为10个矿床成矿系列、18个矿床成矿亚系列、20个矿床式。基于“三稀”矿床区域成矿地质背景、区域成矿条件、已知矿化信息和研究程度分析, 提出了成矿区带不同类型“三稀”矿产找矿远景, 认为西秦岭成矿带、柴北缘成矿带和东昆仑成矿带为伟晶岩型锂、铍、铌、钽、铷稀有金属找矿远景区, 柴达木成矿带为蒸发沉积型和化学沉积型锂、锶、铷矿找矿远景区; 对于研究程度较弱的稀散元素矿, 除在已知的矿集区着力稀散元素赋存状态、超常富集研究和资源量核算之外, 东昆仑成矿带牛苦头—野马泉矽卡岩型有色金属矿集区为稀散元素找矿的有利远景区。     

Recent Progress in Dual-Polarization Radar Research and Applications in China

Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.     

孕震构造块体与相应地震区划分方法

可靠地划分地震区可奠定地震预测与地震危险性评价的地质基础,具有十分重要的意义。笔者等通过研究分析指出板内孕震构造块体侧向边界可由区域性大断层或由区域性大断层与板块边界界定,底边界为康拉德面或低速高导层;板间孕震构造块体为俯冲板块,可由区域性大断层和（或）板块边界约束;在同一个孕震构造块体和同一轮地震周期的地震具有内在联系。因此,地震区可定义为代表相应孕震构造块体地震活动的区域,其可表征该块体内源自锁固段破裂的地震活动。基于笔者等提出的孕震构造块体和相应地震区边界确定原则,把全球两大地震带（环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带）划分为62个地震区;每个地震区的分区方案均通过了多锁固段脆性破裂理论的检验,这说明方案可靠。进而,笔者等归纳总结了地震区划分方法。     

河北省任丘市浅层地下水化学特征及形成机制

浅层地下水是任丘市重要的水资源之一,为研究其水化学特征及其形成机制,本文在实地调查取样分析化验的基础上,以水文地球化学理论为指导,借助多元数理统计的方法,从多个角度揭示了研究区浅层地下水的形成演化过程：① 通过离散分析,认为研究区各主要离子变异系数较大,说明研究区浅层地下水受人为影响明显,水化学特征复杂。 ② 通过相关分析,认为Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、以及SO2-4为研究区原始浅层地下水主要离子,而HCO-3与NO-3为外来离子且异源;③ 通过聚类分析,可将研究区浅层地下水分为A、B、C三类,其中A类处于Gibbs图中岩石风化端元,矿化度较低,为微咸水或淡水,含HCO-3和NO-3,受农业灌溉水影响;B类处于Gibbs图中岩石风化端元向蒸发浓缩端元过渡,矿化度居中,为微咸水,NO-3含量相对较高,受生活污水影响;C类地下水处于Gibbs图中蒸发浓缩端元,矿化度较高,以咸水为主,与地表水体连通性差,接近原始浅层地下水化学类型。④ 通过主成分分析,认为研究区原始地下水化学类型为SO2-4·Cl-—Na+型及SO2-4·Cl-—Na+·Ca2+型,受干旱环境下蒸发和海水入侵双重影响。     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗地区塔木兰沟组火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

新巴尔虎右旗地区塔木兰沟组火山岩为玄武岩-玄武粗安岩-玄武安山岩组合。该套火山岩属高硅钙碱性系列,偏铝质,镁指数小;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等),稀土元素配分模式呈左高右低缓倾斜分布,轻重稀土分馏较强,弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.73~0.83)。综合前人及笔者同位素测年结果显示,塔木兰沟组火山岩形成于中侏罗世末期—晚侏罗世,成岩年龄为166~133 Ma。塔木兰沟组火山岩岩浆来源于受俯冲流体交代的大陆岩石圈地幔熔融,与地壳物质发生混染作用。结合区域构造演化,塔木兰沟组火山岩的形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合造山后岩石圈伸展有关。     

地下连续墙用方形锤头的设计及应用

方形锤头是地下连续墙成槽施工的重要钻具,本文简要介绍了一种新型地下连续墙方形锤头的结构设计、施工工法及应用情况。新型方形锤头整体框架采用焊接而成,结构合理,尺寸可根据用户需要优化调整,且具有导向性好、单位面积冲击功高、过水面积大和方便打捞等优点。锤头研制成功后,配合冲击反循环钻机,采用气举反循环工艺,先后在厦门、深圳等多个城市地铁工地施工,施工效率明显,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。新型方形锤头的研制成功,为地下连续墙成槽施工提供了一种更优的钻具选择。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON MULTI-LEVEL STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC BALANCE CONSTRAINTS IN GRAPES-3DVAR

This paper further explores the estimating and expressing of dynamic balance constraints using statistical methods in GRAPES-3DVAR (Version GM). Unlike the single-level scheme which only considers the coupling between mass and wind at one level, the multi-level scheme considers the coupling between their vertical profiles and calculates the balanced mass field at each layer using the rotational wind at all model levels. A reformed ridge regression method is used in the new scheme to avoid the multicollinearity problem and reduce the noises caused by unbalanced mesoscale disturbances. The results of numerical experiments show that the new scheme can get more reasonable vertical mass field, reduce the magnitude of the adjustment by the initialization, and improve the potential temperature analysis performance. Furthermore, the results of forecast verification in January (winter) and July (summer) both confirm that the new scheme can significantly improve the temperature forecast accuracy and bring slight positive effects to the pressure and wind forecast.     

n维α带小波紧框架的显式构造

研究了n维α带小波紧框架的结构,给出了m个函数生成n维α带小波紧框架的充分条件,并给出构造该小波紧框架的显式算法,最后给出了构造小波紧框架的数值算例.     

Spatial distribution rules and affecting factors of BIF in Anshan-Benxi area

A detailed investigation on 3D spatial distribution rules of Banded Iron-bearing Formation(BIF) with methods of gravity-magnetic inversion and 3D modeling of iron mine is presented based on the former analysis in the Anshan-Benxi area.Three dimension spatial distribution types of BIF are concluded as hook-like,tabularlike and "W"-like.BIF was mainly developed in three types of space including(1) the syncline cores,(2)cover coverage area,and(3) the deeper buried area where the range of tectonic uplift is small.The influences of tectonism,magmatic intrusion and uplift-erosion on the spatial distribution shapes of BIF are clarified.     

利用Allan方差分析GPS非差随机模型特性

非差GPS定位中,通常采用以观测值服从高斯白噪声条件的估计准则进行参数求解。研究表明卫星端误差、传播路径误差、测站环境误差等会破坏观测值的白噪声特性,并且未模型化误差同样具有不利影响。这不仅破坏了估计准则的假设条件,而且部分非白噪声有可能被状态参数吸收,影响估计的准确性。本文将观测值白噪声、有色噪声和未模型化误差一同纳入GPS非差随机模型,以验后残差来表征GPS数据的随机特性,进行Allan方差分析,研究噪声成分及其参数。结果表明,GPS非差噪声组合主要为WN+GM,相位白噪声为2.392mm,GM过程噪声为4.450mm/s,相关时间为52.074s,伪距白噪声为0.936m,GM过程噪声为0.833m/s,相关时间为14.737s,相位的GM过程噪声与卫星相关性较大,而其余噪声则与测站相关性较大,大量分析结果表明GPS非差随机模型并不服从高斯白噪声假设,有待精化。