内蒙古典型草原和草甸草原相对花粉产量重估

相对花粉产量（RPP）是利用地层花粉数据定量重建古植被的重要参数,但目前估算的不同地区同一植物类型的RPP多存在差异。为了解植被盖度计算方法对花粉产量的影响,本项研究利用卫星影像数字化重新计算了内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原和乌拉盖草甸草原采样点周边100 m以外的植被数据,利用ERV模型重新估算了主要花粉类型的RPP,并运用景观重建算法（LRA）进行了检验。锡林郭勒典型草原ERV模型分析显示,ERV子模型1结合1/d距离加权法与植被-花粉数据拟合度最高,得到的相关花粉源范围（RSAP）为1470 m;以蒿属为参照种（RPP=1±0）,各科属RPP依次为藜科（0.53±0.03）、十字花科（0.17±0.01）、唐松草属（0.14±0.02）、菊科（0.09±0.01）、莎草科（0.08±0.006）、委陵菜属（0.07±0.01）、禾本科（0.050±0.003）。乌拉盖草甸草原ERV模型分析显示,ERV子模型1结合Prentice距离加权法与植被-花粉数据拟合度最高,得到的RSAP为770 m;以蒿属为参照种（RPP=1±0）,各科属RPP依次为藜科（5.85±0.58）、蓼科（5.27±0.37）、石竹科（5.15±0.47）、莎草科（4.16±0.13）、菊科（1.63±0.09）、百合科（0.49±0.08）、唇形科（0.38±0.06）、禾本科（0.200±0.004）。重估的RSAP和RPP均与首次估算时存在差异,表明植被盖度计算方法确实会影响RSAP和RPP。景观重建算法对RPP检验结果表明,卫星影像数字化估算的RPP重建的植被盖度与实际植被的相关性更高。

     

宁河断裂伪随机震源地震勘探

宁河断裂位于天津市宁河区北部,断裂走向近东西,倾向南,全长约26 km,调查发现宁河断裂浅部存在一系列隐伏断裂带.第四系内部地层上更新统、中更新统、下更新统及第四系和第三系地质界面存在明显波阻抗差异,具备开展伪随机震源地震勘探的条件.经现场地震波速测试,第四系松散沉积地层地震纵波波速1300~1500 m/s,基岩波速超过2000 m/s.伪随机震源组合、实时噪声压制、F-K滤波3项关键技术,成功解决了高干扰环境下地震勘探难题.宁河断裂由5条正断层组成,断裂带近东西向平行展布.钻探揭示宁河断裂上断点已经断至上更新统内部,距地表66.9 m.     

面向智慧城市的GIS框架

现有轨迹匹配方法具有一定局限性,其匹配精度无法满足车辆导航定位的需求。针对拓扑匹配方法对于起始匹配位置的依赖性,提出了顾及速度与航向信息的轨迹匹配方法。该方法综合利用速度、距离和航向约束改进起始匹配路段和起始位置的判定,并通过后续时刻车辆的正确匹配位置修正起始位置,避免了传统拓扑匹配方法中起始位置匹配错误导致的误差传递累积,提高匹配路段的准确性。同时以起始位置为基础,速度与时间信息为约束确定匹配点。为验证所提方法的有效性,选取多条复杂程度各异的路线进行实验,并与现有的几何匹配方法和拓扑匹配方法进行比较。实验结果表明,该方法在不同复杂程度的城市路网下具有良好的匹配效果,准确率可达93.53%。在匹配准确率方面优于现有的两种方法,在匹配效率方面能满足定位导航的需求。     

基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法

层间多次波与有效波在走时、频率和叠加速度上差异较小,因此层间多次波压制常难以获得理想效果.本文提出一种基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法（MSI,Multiple Suppression Inversion）,该方法以共聚焦点（CFP,Common Focus Point）层间多次波压制理论为基础,通过构建卷积因子,将层间多次波压制转变为迭代反演的问题,直接利用观测的地震数据进行迭代反演计算,进而完成多次波压制.MSI方法避免了共聚焦点方法中构建CFP道集的聚焦运算,大幅降低层间多次波预测的计算成本;同时该方法为全数据驱动方法,无需地下介质任何先验信息,算法容易实现.模型数据测试表明,本文提出的方法可有效压制层间多次波,而且对有效波也具有很好的保幅性.

     

西藏尼玛地区古近纪美苏组的建立

通过1：25万邦多区幅地质调查,在尼玛县西部拉舍—岷千日一带发现一套基性—中性—酸性—酸碱性火山岩岩石组合,其时代属古新世—始新世,新创建美苏组。描述了该组的分布、岩性、岩相、古生物及同位素年代特征,讨论了其形成的构造环境。     

西藏洞错晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩: 岩石圈拆沉的产物

班公湖-怒江缝合带是国内外备受关注的特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,可为恢复和反演特提斯洋构造演化提供重要依据。对南羌塘地块南缘洞错地区晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩进行了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素研究结果显示,该花岗闪长斑岩形成时代为74.1±1.1 Ma,εHf（t）值为4.5~6.9。全岩地球化学特征显示,其为高钾钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具弱负Eu异常;富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、P和Ti。该花岗闪长斑岩为加厚新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。在综合区域最新研究成果的基础上,认为该花岗闪长斑岩形成于后碰撞环境,为班公湖-怒江洋闭合后岩石圈拆沉的产物。     

大兴安岭乌兰哈达地区铀矿找矿进展与找矿预测

内蒙古乌兰哈达地区位于大兴安岭林西-扎兰屯多金属成矿带上,属于扎兰屯火山岩型铀成矿远景带.通过1/5万伽玛能谱测量工作发现工区内古生代、中生代地层U背景值1.88×10-6~2.54×10-6,海西期花岗岩U背景值为3.74×10-6,具备很好的铀源条件.该区断裂构造及层间破碎带发育,为铀矿运移提供通道和沉淀的场所.粘土矿化、萤石化等热液蚀变发育,可以作为铀矿找矿的热液蚀变标志.通过放射性测量工作圈定9处铀异常区,发现2处铀矿化带,圈定了2个找矿靶区,为该地区铀矿找矿指明了方向.     

Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Nutrients in Different Types of Alpine Grassland

Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.     

On the relationship between historical land‐use change and water availability: the case of the lower Tarim River region in northwestern China

Natural ecosystems in the region of the lower Tarim River in northwestern China strongly deteriorated since the 1950s due to an expanding desertification. As a result, the downstream Tarim River reaches became permanently dry land. This historical evolution in land‐use change is typically the result of the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. On the basis of a spatially distributed hydrological catchment model bidirectionally linked with a fully hydrodynamic MIKE11 river model, land‐use changes characterized by historical changes in leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation, as well as the evolution of irrigated surface areas, can be causally related to changes in water resources (groundwater storage and surface water resources). An increased surface area of irrigated (agricultural) land, together with a majority of inefficient irrigation methods, did lead to a strong increase of water resources consumption of the farmlands located in the upper Tarim River area. Evidently, this evolution influenced available water resources downstream in the Tarim basin. As a result, farmland has been gradually relocated to the upstream regions. This has led to reduced flows from the upper Tarim stream, which subsequently accelerated the dropping of the groundwater level downstream in the basin. This study moreover demonstrates that land surface biomass changes (cumulative LAI) along the lower Tarim River are strongly related to the changes in groundwater storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

顾及形态特征和语义信息的双线道路识别方法

双线道路识别与提取是城市路网综合的关键。提出了一种城市双线道路提取的方法。在构建好的道路网眼的基础上,综合考虑双线道路网眼形态特征以及构成网眼路段之间的语义相似度,设计了识别双线道路网眼的综合指标。通过判断网眼综合指标确定最终的双线道路网眼,最后根据识别出的双线道路网眼提取出双线道路。实验表明,该方法能有效提取出城市道路数据中的双线道路。