长江黄河源区高寒草甸退化研究进展

长江黄河源区内高寒草甸退化是当前研究的热点问题之一。但多数研究中涉及的源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面,各学者的看法并不相同,难以实现各项研究结果的比较研究。从源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面阐述了各学者研究的差异,指出:长江黄河源区高寒草甸的进一步深入研究有必要对源区的范围进行界定;高寒草甸的分类常常因研究目的不同而有所差异,以退化程度进行的分类能够反映高寒草甸的动态变化过程,但需要定量指标对退化的不同程度进行界定;遥感影像解译的结果由于遥感影像本身的不确定性和主观因素的影响而难以统一;退化的原因目前主要集中于自然因素和人为因素两方面的研究,针对这些因素采取的控制措施在局部区域取得了一定效果,但并没有抑制高寒草甸在总体上的进一步退化,寻找一种综合的有效的治理措施还是今后的研究目标。     

Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff

We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AIC_C] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component.     

石笋氧同位素和微量元素记录的陕南地区4200～2000a B.P.高分辨率季风降雨变化

基于陕南祥龙洞石笋XL2的19个230Th年龄、218个氧同位素分析以及896个Sr/Ca分析数据,高分辨率重建了4200～1972a B.P.期间陕南地区季风降雨变化.重建结果显示陕南地区这一时期季风降雨有显著的127～105a和57a周期,可能分别受控于太阳活动、PDO和/或AMO的变化.重建时段有3次百年尺度的干旱事件,分别发生于2200～2100a B.P.,2900～2700a B.P.和3600～3400a B.P.,其中2900～2700a B.P.干旱事件对应于北大西洋地区2.8ka冷事件.对比研究显示,尽管祥龙洞石笋和董哥洞石笋δ18O记录整体一致,但除了2900～ 2700aB.P.干旱事件之外,其他两次干旱事件在董哥洞石笋记录中并不明显.而尽管总体上祥龙洞和和尚洞石笋δ18O记录的差异要大,但XL2的3次干旱事件在和尚洞记录都有明显体现.有精确年代控制的祥龙洞、董哥洞及和尚洞石笋氧同位素记录的差异,揭示晚全新世我国季风降雨在十一百年尺度存在区域差异.     

我国石墨矿产地质特征及资源潜力分析

石墨是我国重要的大宗优势非金属矿产,其既具有非金属矿物的一般性能,又兼有金属和有机塑料的某些特性,是用途广泛的特殊的非金属矿物原料,是我国新兴产业的重要原材料。我国石墨成因类型主要为区域变质型,其工业价值较大。文章通过对我国石墨矿产分布特征、成矿规律分析进而总结石墨资源潜力特征,认为我国黑龙江、内蒙古、四川等省资源潜力巨大,可实行保护性开采,从而获取经济效益。     

宽角相机低空航测的精度分析

首先从理论上对低空航测精度与相机像场角的关系进行了定量分析,得出低空航测应尽可能使用宽角相机的结论;接着指明了单镜头相机扩大像场角的局限和现有市场上的组合宽角相机因重量过大而不适用于低空轻荷载无人机的不足,阐述了作者研制的具有自检校自稳定功能的组合宽角低空轻小型相机的特点,尤其是实现组合成像静态误差和动态误差自检校的技术原理;针对大比例尺测图的实践,提出通过宽角相机大重叠航空摄影提高低空航测精度的技术建议;最后用典型工程生产数据验证了上述理论分析的正确性。     

Distribution of the C37 tetra-unsaturated alkenone in Lake Qinghai, China: A potential lake salinity indicator

The alkenone unsaturation index U^K′₃₇ has been applied to reconstruct past temperature changes in both marine and lacustrine systems. However, few studies have addressed whether the relative abundance of the C_37:4 alkenone to the total C₃₇ production (%C_37:4) can reflect surface salinity changes in lacustrine systems. Here we present long-chain C₃₇ alkenone distribution patterns in surface sediments from Lake Qinghai, China. Surface sediments were sampled over a large range of surface salinity changes (1.7-25 g/l) within Lake Qinghai and its surrounding lakes, while temperature differences at these sampling locations should be relatively small. We have found that %C_37:4 varies from 15% to 49% as surface salinity decreases. We tentatively describe this %C_37:4-salinity link with a general linear regression: %C_37:4 = 53.4 (±7.8) − 1.73 (±0.45) × S (n = 28, r² = 0.62), although step-wise %C_37:4 changes in response to salinity variation may exist. U^K′₃₇ values vary between 0.10 and 0.16 at these sites and the inferred range of lake water temperature changes is ∼2-3 °C, suggesting that U^K′₃₇ largely reflects temperature signal across a large salinity range, consistent with previous findings that U^K′₃₇ can indicate temperature changes over a large diversity of environmental settings. We have also found that U^K′₃₇ values are correlated with salinity changes (r² = 0.4), and thus cannot exclude potential temperature effect on %C_37:4 and salinity effect on U^K′₃₇ in this study. However, even extreme estimates of temperature differences within the lake are still unable to explain the observed %C_37:4 changes. We therefore suggest that %C_37:4 could be used to infer past lake salinity changes at a regional scale.     

南海热带气旋的气候变化及强度预测方法研究

建立南海海域1949～2007年6～10月份热带气旋（以下简称TC）年、月频数和TC中心强度的历史资料统计文件,分析TC的年月变化。结果表明：近50年,TC具有10a左右的周期变化,1964～1974年和1985～1995年为南海两个强台风以上级别频发期,1997～2006年为TC频数少且强度弱的时期。同时TC强度的空间分布分析结果表明,中沙北部海域和东沙西部海域为强台风多发生区,各月TC强度分布特征明显不同,且其加强通道具有南-北-南阶段性变化。另外,通过分别对1949～2007年北半球500hPa高度场及海温场的格点资料和TC强度历史资料的相关计算,选取高相关格点,根据相关权重组成组合因子,构建二次型预测方程,做年月TC强度预测。预测检验结果显示,冬季的高度场和海温场对次年的TC强度预测效果良好。     

北京市再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险

通过野外取样分析再生水灌溉、长期污水灌溉条件下土壤剖面和地下水中重金属含量,预测再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险。结果表明：污染严重的Cr、Cu和Zn等3种元素主要在土壤表层0～20cm累积,0～180cm土层呈先降低后升高,之后再降低的变化趋势。污染较轻的As、Ni和Pb在0～60cm土层含量差异不大,0～180cm土层大致呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。所有重金属在土壤剖面90cm左右的土层中均存在高值区,该层含量高于上、下土层,高值区的分布位置与北京剖面土壤发生层的分布特征一致,与成土母质自然发育有关,并非表层土壤重金属向下淋溶沉积而成。综合土壤剖面重金属分布特征和调查区地下水重金属浓度情况,重金属向下层土壤迁移的趋势很小,即使凉水河灌区污染严重的Cr、Cu、Zn,主要在土壤表层累积,并未导致地下水重金属污染。在当前的水质条件下,农田再生水灌溉输入的重金属量低于大气沉降和有机肥施用,再生水灌溉导致地下水的污染风险小于大气沉降和有机肥施用。因此相对于大气沉降、有机肥施用等输入途径,再生水灌溉导致地下水重金属污染的可能性不大。     

大黄鱼头肾免疫细胞研究

对大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena,crocea）头肾印迹片、光镜片和电镜片进行观察。结果表明,大黄鱼头肾包括淋巴细胞聚集区和颗粒细胞聚集区,但无肾小球结构。头肾免疫细胞丰富,包括淋巴细胞、颗粒细胞（Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型）、单核细胞和巨噬细胞,分别占57．94％、36．43％、5．63％,表明头肾是大黄鱼免疫细胞的生发中心,在免疫防御系统中具重要作用。     

南海黄鲷性腺发育的初步研究

本文采用常规的生物学调查方法并取黄鲷性腺做石蜡切片，用显微镜观察黄鲷的性腺发育，进行组织学研究．其结果表明，南海黄鲷精巢可分成6期，精巢5期的成熟度指数为1．62％～2．71％，平均值为1．99％．雌性生殖细胞可见5个时相，卵巢发育也相应分成6期，卵巢5期时的成熟度指数为8．90％～13．90％，平均值为9．45％．南海黄鲷的繁殖期在11月至翌年的4月，繁殖高峰在12月至3月，黄鲷的产卵类型属于在同一繁殖季节中多次产卵类型．本文还对黄鲷的雌雄同体现象、繁殖力、繁殖时间进行了讨论．