边界层过程对"98·7"长江流域暴雨预报影响的数值试验研究

通过ETA模式对"98@7"长江流域暴雨过程的数值试验研究,讨论了行星边界层过程对暴雨数值预报的影响,结果表明边界层过程在这次暴雨预报中有重要作用.具体结论为:(1)降水大范围落区是受大尺度流场所决定的,但边界层过程对暴雨预报具有重要的作用;(2)不考虑边界层过程会影响对天气系统的正确预报,包括影响大气低层的运动场、水汽及大气不稳定度,从而影响暴雨的预报;(3)从时间层次上看,由于地表通量有着显著的日变化,边界层过程的作用不仅与暴雨本身发生发展及消亡的阶段有关,也与各阶段的时间(白天或夜间)有联系;(4)在空间范围内,边界层过程对大气的影响是通过大气流场重新分布来影响降水的环境条件,故地表通量分布和低层流场的相互配置作用十分重要.长江南北的情况有所不同,长江流域南侧区是地表通量的大值区,也是长江流域雨区水汽和不稳定能量的源区,它对长江流域的暴雨可能有着更为重要的作用.     

Soil-hydrological properties response to grazing exclusion in a steppe grassland of the Loess Plateau

Soil–water characteristics are necessary for water quality monitoring, solute migration and plant growth. Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a relationship between suction and water content or degree of saturation. However, little information is available concerning the impacts of grazing exclusion management on soil–water characteristics. Here, the soil–water characteristics of grasslands, which were excluded grazing for 5 (GE5) and 15 years (GE15), were studied. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s), SWCC, particle composition, field capacity and some other indexes were determined. Results showed that the clay content and K _s of grassland soil were higher for GE15 than GE5. For both treatments, in low suction condition (≤100 kPa), the water holding capacity of 0–10 cm soil was the best. Water holding capacity of topsoil decreased gradually with the increasing of suction, and it reached the strongest when the suction reached 600 kPa. In all soil water suction, the water holding capacity of subsoil was the weakest. The van Genuchten expression was applicable for most of the samples, except 20–30 cm of GE5 and 10–20 cm of GE15. Dual porosity equation was applicable for all the samples. The soil–water capability and soil structure of which was fenced for 15 years is superior to that of 5 years. This study suggests that the enclosure management improved the soil structure and soil–water capability.     

The effect of desertification on carbon and nitrogen status in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Environmental degradation resulting from desertification often accelerates biodiversity loss and alters carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks within grassland ecosystem. In order to evaluate the effect of desertification on plant diversity and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, species compositions and C and N contents in plants and soil were investigated along five regions with different degrees of desertification in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (control, light, moderate, severe and very severe stages). The study showed: (1) species composition and richness changed significantly with the development of grassland desertification; (2) the aboveground biomass C and N contents in the control were 101.60 and 4.03 g m^?2, respectively. Compared to the control, the aboveground tissue C and N contents significantly decreased from light, moderate, severe to very severe stages. (3) The root C and N contents in the control in 0–40 cm depth are 1,372.83 and 31.49 g m^?2, respectively, while the root C and N contents in 0–40 cm were also declining from the control, light, moderate, severe to very severe stages. (4) Compared to the plant, the soil made a greater contribution for C and N distribution, in which the soil organic C and total N contents in 0–40 cm depth in the control are 20,386.70 and 3,587.89 g m^?2, respectively. At the same time, soil organic C and N contents also decreased significantly from the control to very severe stages. These results suggest that grassland desertification not only alters species compositions and leads to the loss of plant diversity, but also results in greater loss of organic C and N in alpine meadow, in which there is a negative effect on reducing greenhouse gas emission.     

南海琼东南盆地崖13-1气田古近系陵水组海陆过渡带沉积特征及演化*

南海北部琼东南盆地中的众多凹陷均有海陆过渡相沉积,沉积相类型包括海湾辫状河三角洲和河口湾-潮坪。本次研究以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,将崖13-1气田古近系渐新统陵水组三段及二段各划分为1个长期基准面旋回,并在其内部进一步识别出10个中期基准面旋回(S1-S10)。在等时地层格架内,对陵水组三段及陵水组二段发育的沉积相特征及演化进行深入的探讨。陵水组三段沉积时期,研究区主要发育海湾辫状河三角洲沉积,其具有独特的层理构造、富含泥质纹层以及遗迹化石丰富。该沉积体系自下而上潮汐作用越来越强,早期以河流作用为主(S1-S4),中期为河流和潮汐混合作用(S5-S6),晚期逐渐过渡到以潮汐作用占主导(S7-S8)。陵水组二段沉积时期,研究区发生全面海侵,沉积作用方式及沉积特征更加复杂,生物成因构造更加独特,本次研究将其解释为河口湾-潮坪沉积(S9-S10)。研究表明,区域海平面的不断上升是研究区沉积相从海湾辫状河三角洲演化到河口湾-潮坪的主要控制因素。     

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area,Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment, the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess, alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province, and the following results were obtained: (1) The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities; (2) the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment, and the residual state, iron and manganese oxidation state, strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment; mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt, tailings and clayey silt soil layer, and mercury has certain stability, and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media; (3) under the flooding condition, most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed, and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection; (4) infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground; (5) the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard. Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time, relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process, especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes, and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history. At present, the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable, but the water and soil layers have been polluted. The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links. The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.     

Wind erodibility in eastern Ningxia Province, China

Many methods have been used to study wind erosion, a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper documents a 2006 field study in which sediment samplers and steel pins were used to measure soil erosion, and sand drift potential was used to estimate wind erosion and transport in the eastern part of Ningxia Province, China. Wind energy in the study area was found to be moderate and sediments were transported from northwest to southeast. Sediment transport differed depending on the surface type: sediment transport was greatest in areas of shifting dunes, with cultivated land, semi-fixed dunes, and fixed dunes showing progressively less transport. Sediment transport was lowest in shrubland areas. The depth of erosion was 66 in cultivated areas, 33 in shifting dunes, 28 in semi-fixed dunes, 20 in fixed dunes, and 3 mm in shrublands. The extensive erosion of sediment in cultivated lands and the resultant decrease in surface height results in serious degradation and loss of soil fertility.     

高效液相色谱-紫外光谱分析氢醌-双(β-羟乙基)醚

建立了高效液相色谱-紫外光谱法测定聚氨酯扩链剂氢醌-双(β-羟乙基)醚(HQEE)工业品中HQEE主含量和对苯二酚残留的方法。在氰基柱上,以甲醇-水-1%乙酸溶液(体积比10∶50∶40)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min时,HQEE、对苯二酚及其他相关杂质得到良好分离,紫外光谱285 nm检测。方法简便、快捷,结果准确可靠,在工业生产中可有效地指导HQEE合成过程的质量控制。     

准噶尔盆地永进油田西山窑组储层形成机理研究

准噶尔盆地永进油田的主力油层为侏罗系西山窑组,埋藏深约6 000 m,储层物性具特低孔、特低渗的特点。油井试油试采结果表明,储层物性是制约永进油田西山窑组油层富集高产的主控因素。通过大量测井资料、砂岩薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等资料的分析认为,深埋作用、胶结作用、、异常高压、泥质含量及溶蚀作用是导致永进油田西山窑组储层特低孔、特低渗的根本原因,据储层演化历程模拟出西山窑组储层孔隙的演变模式。     

How did the foreland react? Yangtze foreland fold-and-thrust belt deformation related to exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure continental crust (eastern China)

During the Triassic collision of the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons, the leading edge of the Yangtze crust subducted to mantle depths and was subsequently exhumed as a penetratively deformed, coherent slab capped by a normal shear zone. This geometry requires a reverse shear zone at the base of the slab, and we suggest that the Yangtze foreland fold-and-thrust belt constitutes this zone. Lower Triassic rocks of the eastern foreland record NW–SE compression as the oldest compressional stress field; onset of related deformation is indicated by Middle Triassic clastic sedimentation. Subsequent Jurassic stress fields show a clockwise change of compression directions. Based on nearly coeval onset and termination of deformation, and on a common clockwise change in the principal strain/stress directions, we propose that the foreland deformation was controlled by the extrusion of the ultra high-pressure slab. Widespread Cretaceous–Cenozoic reactivation occurred under regional extension to transtension, which characteristically shows a large-scale clockwise change of the principal extension directions during the Lower Cretaceous.     

释光年代学样品前处理流程

释光测年是第四纪年代学中应用较广泛的重要测年方法。释光技术的发展经历了热释光(Thermoluminescence,简写TL)阶段到光释光(Optically Stimulated Luminescence,简写OSL)阶段,测年研究的载体矿物主要是长石和石英。因测试目的不同,前处理方法有一定的差异。本文主要在前人工作的基础上,针对沉积物、陶瓷、暴露岩石三种释光测年样品的长石或石英获取方法进行总结,以期对释光测年样品前处理起到参考作用。