一次高层东风波背景下风雹过程成因分析

2015年7月29日浙江出现大范围冰雹和雷雨大风,影响范围、强度远超各级台站预判。利用地面气象站、区域自动站、FY-2G红外云图、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP(1°×1°)分析资料,对该过程进行综合分析。结果表明:1)由多单体风暴组成、位于高层东风波槽前的中尺度对流复合体是本次大范围强对流天气过程的直接制造者。2)中等偏弱的垂直风切变、上干下湿的水汽垂直分布及东风波西进叠加于低层暖区之上形成强不稳定层结是多单体风暴发生发展的有利环境背景。3)热带东风急流和高层东风波形成的辐散抽吸、近地面非绝热加热升温、地形抬升和边界层辐合线为对流发生发展提供有利动力抬升和对流触发条件。4)逆风区的出现、发展和控制与雹暴单体强度的发展、维持和减弱阶段有很好的对应关系。脉冲风暴单体中层径向气流辐合与核心反射率因子的下降对地面大风预报存在2个体扫的时间提前量。5)东风波系统以动能转换的方式为本次对流天气过程中的中尺度系统发展提供动能补给。6)加强500 h Pa以上中高层东向系统的监测和雷达产品短临实时监测,可提高此类对流过程预报的时间提前量。     

不同BDS星历反演大气可降水量精度分析

基于陕西地区3个GNSS观测站2018年1～6月数据,利用北斗卫星导航系统进行水汽反演。首先利用不同星历产品计算水汽结果,分别与利用IGF解算的水汽结果、探空数据探测结果进行比较;再将不同星历得到的水汽结果进行相互对比。结果表明,利用3种星历都能获得精度和可靠性较高的水汽结果,其中精密星历和快速星历反演水汽的精度相当,各测站偏差均优于1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于3.5 mm;利用超快速星历（预报部分）反演水汽在各测站的偏差约为1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于5 mm。综合3种产品反演水汽的对应精度可知,利用3种星历产品均可反演大气可降水量,且超快速星历（预报部分）计算的水汽值可为气象预报提供参考依据。     

Characterization of clastic rock using a biconcave bond model of DEM

This paper presents a biconcave bond model to investigate the effect of the cementation between grains on the mechanical behavior of rock. The proposed model considers the shape of the bonds among particles that have a biconcave cement form, based on observations of microscopic rock images. The general equations of the proposed model are based on Dvorkin theory. The accuracy and efficiency of the bond model is improved in three ways. After the biconcave bond model is implemented in the discrete element method software Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions, a series of numerical uniaxial compression tests were performed to investigate the relationships between the micro‐ to macro‐parameters. The simulations revealed that the biconcave bond model reflects the effect of micro‐parameters, such as the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the cement, on the macroscopic deformation of cemented granular material. Variations in the bond geometry caused extremely diverse macro‐mechanical behaviors. Experimental results concerning rock demonstrate that the biconcave bond model accurately captures the mechanical behavior of intact rock and supports an innovative method for investigating the relationships between the micro‐ and macro‐parameters of cemented granular material. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A semi-analytical solution to consolidation of unsaturated soils with the free drainage well

Based on Fredlund’s one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil, Darcy’s law and Fick’s law, a semi-analytical solution was presented to the free drainage well with a finite thickness under application of uniform vertical loading and the boundary of the top and bottom surfaces impermeable to water and air. According to the polar governing equations of water and air phases and the boundary and initial conditions, the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and the soil layer settlement in the Laplace transformed domain are obtained by performing the Laplace transform and utilizing the Bessel functions. Crump’s method is used to perform the inversion of Laplace transform in order to obtain numerical solutions in the real time domain. Finally, a typical example is given to illustrate the changes in the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and soil layer settlement with time factor at different ratios of air–water permeability coefficient and/or different distances from the well.     

Estimation of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments using wet-chemical digestion methods

The extent of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments has been estimated using wet-chemical digestion methods. Results show relatively constant distributions of biogenic and reactive Si horizontally and vertically. Based on three core measurements, the biogenic and total reactive Si average 77.91 and 264.77 μmol Si g⁻¹, respectively. Their extents of authigenic alteration are correspondingly estimated as ~55.6 and ~70.6%. The average biogenic Si accumulation rate is calculated as 1.91 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, which translates into storage of ~7.15% of the annual riverine dissolved silica input. By contrast, the total reactive Si accumulation rate is as high as 6.49 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, improving annual riverine silicic acid storage to ~24.19%. Detailed investigation is required for a good understanding of early diagenetic process of biogenic and reactive silica in this subtropical area.     

Investigating factors driving phytoplankton growth and grazing loss rates in waters around Peninsular Malaysia

In tropical waters where temperatures are relatively stable,we investigated whether the relationship between phytoplankton growth and grazing loss rate acros s different habitats around Peninsular Malaysia can be attributed to its eutrophication states.We measured phytoplankton growth(μ) and grazing loss(g) rates in waters off Bachok Marine Research Station(BMRS),located northeast of Peninsular Malaysia.Chlorophyll-a(chl-a) concentration ranged from 2.90 to 15.78 μg/L and was dominated by nanoand micro-phytoplankton(2 μm in size).Using the Landry and Hassett dilution method,μ at BMRS ranged from 1.02 to 1.58/d whereas g varied from 0.07 to 0.88/d.Grazing accounted for 35% of the primary production at BMRS.A systematic review of available data in waters around Peninsular Malaysia,revealed how μ fluctuated over a wide range(0.01-1.80/d) and correlated with chl a distribution(R2=0.181,P0.001).However,the relationship was only significant at 9 μg/L chl a for mesotrophic waters and 16 μg/L chl a for eutrophic waters.In contrast,g ranged from 0.00 to 1.01/d,and correlated with μ at all locations.The g/μslope ranged from 19% to 84%,and was generally similar for waters around Peninsular Malaysia.However,all the g/μ slopes had a positive y-intercept except for BMRS,and this seemed to suggest the availability of alternative prey supporting grazing at the other stations.     

大连机场典型低空风切变的成因分析

风切变是指空间两点之间的风的矢量差,风切变分为水平风切变和垂直风切变。航空气象学中,低空风切变通常是指近地面600 m高度以下的垂直风切变,低空风切变严重危害航空活动安全,尤其是在飞机起飞和着陆阶段。为了提高对低空风切变的预报准确率和提前预警时间,利用大连机场话音方式航空器报告统计大连机场出现的低空风切变特点。大连机场低空风切变出现最多的季节是秋末和春季,其中以西北大风和偏北大风造成的低空风切变最为典型,这种切变常常出现在地面风向为360°或350°、平均风速9 m·s^-1、阵风风速16 m·s^-1的观测时次附近。选取3个大连机场典型低空风切变的天气个例,利用NCEP/NCAR FNL(1°×1°)资料分析大连机场出现典型低空风切变时的天气形势特点,利用WRF模式输出资料,分析了大连机场出现典型低空风切变时低层的风场特征。分析结果表明,WRF模式输出的风场变化较小,不能体现低空风切变的突变特征,利用模式输出资料计算得到的反映偏差风相对大小的I值与风切变的出现有明显关系,当I大于0.5且逐渐增加时,容易出现低空风切变,当I小于0.5且逐渐减小时,不易出现低空风切变,可以利用I值及其变化情况进行风切变的预报预警。     

诸暨枫桥高岭土合成4A沸石的研究

本文记述了由高岭土合成4A沸石的原理与工艺，分析了诸暨枫桥的高岭土物理、化学性质，经过人工合成试验，证明产自诸暨枫桥的高岭土是合成4A沸石较为理想的材料。     

大连市暴雨灾害特征及敏感区识别

利用国家气象站和区域自动气象站的降水观测资料以及暴雨洪涝灾害情况资料,分析了2007—2019年大连地区暴雨气候特征时空分布,并进行了灾害评估和敏感区域识别。结果表明：1） 大连地区年平均暴雨和大暴雨日数在空间分布上东北部多于西南部,大暴雨出现的概率为0—40%。年平均暴雨量和大暴雨量的极大值区域主要集中于庄河地区,年均暴雨强度也呈现从西到东逐渐递增趋势。暴雨变异系数的高值中心出现在瓦房店西部地区,低值区出现在庄河地区。2） 大连市的暴雨灾害近80%为较严重灾害,最严重和严重暴雨灾害各占9%—10%。3） 普兰店西南部、庄河西部与大连市区为大连地区暴雨洪涝灾害相对敏感区域。     

中国建设用地错配时空特征、驱动机制及空间效应

在阐述建设用地错配机制的基础上,构建建设用地错配测度模型和错配机制计量模型,重点探讨中国2001－2016年城市建设用地错配时空特征、驱动机制及其空间效应。结果表明：1）中国建设用地错配呈现先下降后上升的发展趋势和西高东低的空间分布格局;2）中国建设用地错配及其影响因素呈现空间集聚与关联特征,但空间关联效应有减弱态势;3）土地财政依赖、产业结构优化、市场发育完善对建设用地错配具有显著的负向影响;4）政府腐败和经济发展对建设用地错配具有显著的正向影响且存在空间溢出效应。中国建设用地错配普遍存在且有上升态势,转变经济发展方式、加大政府腐败治理力度、完善市场机制和区域一体化建设能够有效缓解区域建设用地错配。