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排序方式: 共有309条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
The impact of climate change on runoff in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin in the Tibetan Plateau 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Fapeng Li Zongxue Xu Wenfeng Liu Yongqiang Zhang 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(3):517-526
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the “water tower of Asia” and it plays a key role on both hydrology and climate for southern and eastern Asia. It is critical to explore the impact of climate change on runoff for better water resources management in the TP. However, few studies pay attention to the runoff response to climate change in large river systems on the TP, especially in data-sparse upstream area. To complement the current body of work, this study uses two rainfall-runoff models (SIMHYD and GR4J) to simulate the monthly and annual runoff in the upstream catchments of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin (YTR) under historical (1962–2002) and future (2046–2065 A1B scenario) climate conditions. The future climate series are downscaled from a global climate model (MIROC3.2_hires) by a high resolution regional climate model (RegCM3). The two rainfall-runoff models successfully simulate the historical runoff for the eight catchments in the YTR basin, with median monthly runoff Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.86 for SIMHYD and 0.83 for GR4J. The mean annual future temperature in eight catchments show significant increase with the median of +3.8 °C. However, the mean annual future precipitation shows decrease with the median of ?5.8 % except in Lhatse (+2.0 %). The two models show similar modeling results that the mean annual future runoff in most of catchments (seven in eight) shows decrease with the median of ?13.9 % from SIMHYD and ?15.2 % from GR4J. The results achieved in this study are not only helpful for local water resources management, but also for future water utilization planning in the lower reaches region of the Brahmaputra. 相似文献
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The physical structures of snow and sea ice in the Arctic section of 150°-180°W were observed on the basis of snow-pit, ice-core, and drill-hole measurements from late July to late August 2010. Almost all the investigated floes were first-year ice, except for one located north of Alaska, which was probably multi-year ice transported from north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during early summer. The snow covers over all the investigated floes were in the melting phase, with temperatures approaching 0℃ and densities of 295-398 kg/m3 . The snow covers can be divided into two to five layers of different textures, with most cases having a top layer of fresh snow, a round-grain layer in the middle, and slush and/or thin icing layers at the bottom. The first-year sea ice contained about 7%-17% granular ice at the top. There was no granular ice in the lower layers. The interior melting and desalination of sea ice introduced strong stratifications of temperature, salinity, density, and gas and brine volume fractions. The sea ice temperature exhibited linear cooling with depth, while the salinity and the density increased linearly with normalized depth from 0.2 to 0.9 and from 0 to 0.65, respectively. The top layer, especially the freeboard layer, had the lowest salinity and density, and consequently the largest gas content and the smallest brine content. Both the salinity and density in the ice basal layer were highly scattered due to large differences in ice porosity among the samples. The bulk average sea ice temperature, salinity, density, and gas and brine volume fractions were-0.8℃, 1.8, 837 kg/m3 , 9.3% and 10.4%, respectively. The snow cover, sea ice bottom, and sea ice interior show evidences of melting during mid-August in the investigated floe located at about 87°N, 175°W. 相似文献
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The heavy metal inventory and the ecological risk of the estuarine sediments in Hailing Bay, an important maricultural zone along the southern coast of China, were investigated. Results show that the surface sediments were mainly polluted by As (2.17-20.34 mg/kg), Ni (1.37-42.50mg/kg), Cu (1.21-58.84 mg/kg) and Zn (11.69-219.22 mg/kg). Furthermore, the aquafarming zone was significantly more polluted than the non-aquafarming zone, and cluster analysis suggested additional sources of heavy metal input in the aquafarming zone. As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were mainly present in the non-bioavailable residual form in the surface sediments, whereas Cd was predominantly in the highly mobile acid soluble and reducible fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd, and from As, Cu and Pb to less degrees. The highest potential risks occurred near the aquaculture base, indicating the need to control heavy metal inputs from aquafarming activities. 相似文献
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中生代胶东地区有2次重要的碰撞造山事件,印支造山作用主要表现为扬子板块向华北板块俯冲,形成苏鲁高压—超高压变质带,同造山花岗岩及后造山高碱正长岩;燕山造山作用的大陆动力学环境起源于中亚-特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转化和太平洋板块的俯冲,在胶东地区表现为3幕4期构造岩浆事件并以3次造山和3次伸展为特征。胶东地区中生代构造岩浆沉积成矿事件序列的时空演化也受控于这一地质作用过程,尤其是侏罗纪至白垩纪这一阶段,是胶东地区构造活动、岩浆侵入、地层沉积、火山喷发和成矿作用爆发时期,是挤压、伸展交互转化时期。该文基于对中生代构造事件的研究,厘定了构造与金矿成矿作用在空间上和时间上的高度耦合性。研究发现胶东地区在侏罗纪至白垩纪一阶段构造活动由早到晚经历了4期6阶段挤压伸展过程,第一期近S—N向挤压及NW—SE向挤压,第二期早阶段NE—SW向挤压晚阶段NE—SW向引张,第三期NW向引张,第四期近E—W向挤压及近S—N向引张,与构造—热事件相一致;在金矿成矿作用方面,表现为3期金矿成矿作用,对应于由挤压向伸展转变阶段的成矿作用过程,即第一幕伸展后的早期金矿成矿作用、第二幕伸展后的金矿主成矿期和第三幕伸展后的叠加金矿成矿作用。这种挤压—伸展构造活动的相互转化互为因果,挤压为伸展提供了条件,伸展为金矿的沉淀提供了空间,也为下一次的挤压提供了前提,并伴随着与岩浆—构造事件紧密相关的不同的成矿作用,构成了挤压—伸展的构造—岩浆—成矿作用方式,这是胶东地区形成大型、超大型金矿的动力学条件。 相似文献
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遥感地表温度降尺度方法比较————性能对比及适应性评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在归纳现有遥感地表温度降尺度方法的基础上, 选取3种代表性方法:Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)、Pixel Block Intensity Modulation (PBIM)和Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM)方法进行实验比较, 并建立了一种纹理相似性度量指标CO-RMSE (Co-Occurrence Root Mean Square Error)。结果表明:(1)NDVI方法受季节影响最严重, 不适于春、冬季, 其次为PBIM方法;(2)LSMM方法受分辨率限制最大, 低分辨率时丢失大量纹理信息, NDVI方法在较高分辨率时优于PBIM方法, 较低分辨率时则相反;(3)3种方法的适用区域分别为植被与裸土像元并存区域, 山区和反照率变化较大区域, 以及类别间温差较大区域;(4)NDVI方法操作最简单, LSMM方法最复杂。分析认为, 尺度因子是决定方法性能的关键, 应根据季节、分辨率、地表覆盖、应用目的和操作性等综合选择。 相似文献
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