Statistical evaluation of the performance of gridded monthly precipitation products from reanalysis data,satellite estimates,and merged analyses over China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - In this study, we compared the following four different gridded monthly precipitation products: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction version 2...     

平面标定法在闪电光学观测中的应用

针对闪电光学观测资料定量分析的需求,采用张正友平面标定法结合便携式平面靶标,实现了闪电外场试验中光学观测设备的现场标定,为消除光学系统成像畸变对闪电通道特征分析的影响提供了一种便捷的途径。使用此方法对广州高建筑物雷电观测站(TOLOG)的6套闪电光学观测设备进行了标定,结果表明:光学观测设备搭载同类型镜头时,焦距越短图像的畸变越明显; 图像中视线与光轴的夹角越大,径向畸变的影响越明显,采用鱼眼镜头获得的闪电通道图像在靠近边缘的位置畸变的影响会超过25%;通过对配备焦距为8 mm鱼眼镜头的单反相机以及配备焦距为8 mm广角镜头的高速摄像机同时获取的闪电光学同步资料进行畸变校正后,发现获取的图像畸变校正前后闪电通道总体长度差异分别为12.9%和4.5%;经过畸变校正后不同设备获取的闪电通道图像比原图拥有更好的一致性。      

地表沉陷预计参数精度分析

针对开采沉陷预计参数的误差造成预计结果偏差的问题,该文提出一种研究开采沉陷预计参数精度的方法。在真值基础上,将预计参数按照0.5%的步距增大和减小后分别预计地表下沉值,分析得出预计参数的误差会对预计结果造成的偏差;通过反分析得出测量误差对预计参数产生的影响。实验结果表明:预计参数每变化0.5%,下沉值中误差占最大下沉值的0.8%,且倾向方向的下沉值中误差是走向方向下沉值中误差的两倍;下沉值测量中误差与预计参数误差之间成线性关系。研究结果为测量时的精度控制提供了依据,从而为预测计算提供可靠的预计参数。     

A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong,China

This paper reviews recent advances in understanding the physical processes of artificially triggered lightning and natural lightning as well as the progress in testing lightning protection technologies, based on a series of lightning field campaigns jointly conducted by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Guangdong Meteorological Bureau since 2006. During the decade-long series of lightning field experiments, the technology of rocket-wire artificially triggered lightning has been improved, and has successfully triggered 94 lightning flashes. Through direct lightning current waveform measurements, an average return stroke peak current of 16 kA was obtained. The phenomenon that the downward leader connects to the lateral surface of the upward leader in the attachment process was discovered, and the speed of the upward leader during the connection process being significantly greater than that of the downward leader was revealed. The characteristics of several return strokes in cloud-to-ground lighting have also been unveiled, and the mechanism causing damage to lightning protection devices (i.e., ground potential rise within the rated current) was established. The performance of three lightning monitoring systems in Guangdong Province has also been quantitatively assessed.     

基于网络关注度的安徽省居民省内旅游需求时空特征分析

基于百度指数平台,收集2019年安徽省居民对省内64家典型景区的网络关注度数据,利用季节性强度指数、旅游需求偏好指数和基尼系数分析安徽省居民的旅游需求特征,并对影响因素进行探讨。结果显示:全省居民省内旅游需求呈多岭型,形成4月、7―8月和10月3个需求高峰;单岭型景区各月的旅游需求有较明显差别,双岭型和多岭型的景区无明显旅游需求季节性差别;全省居民旅游需求时间主要受经济发展水平、旅游资源的季节性和独特性、景区开发程度、气候舒适度、节假日的影响;安徽省居民形成3个旅游需求偏好区,分别是皖中皖东南休闲娱乐偏好区、皖南自然观光偏好区和皖西南山岳景观偏好区;全省居民旅游需求空间分布主要受景区密集程度、级别、资源开发程度和空间距离的影响。     

A hybrid model for numerical wave forecasting and its implementation——Ⅱ. The discrete part and implementation of the model

In the first part of the present paper we have explained why we manage to formulate another wave prediction model when so many of them, including the so-called third generation model, have already been in use. The wind-wave part of the proposed model has also been given. Now we proceed to discuss the swell part,the implementation of the model as a prediction method,mumerical experiments done with ideal wind fields and hindcasts made in the Bohai Sea,in the neighboring seas adjacent to China and in the Northwest Pacific.     

Teleseismic body waves extracted from ambient noise cross correlation between F-net and ChinArray phase II

The vertical-vertical noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs) between two seismic arrays, the Japan F-net and ChinArray phase II, are calculated using continuous recordings during 2013–2016. After array interferometry to obtain bin stacked NCFs, clear body waves are retrieved at different period bands. Teleseismic direct P waves for distance 15–40 degrees are observed between short period 3–10 ?s while core reflected PcP/ScS waves are more obvious for longer period 30–60s. The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the short period P waves reaches its highest point with bin widths around 20 ?km while SNRs of PcP and ScS increase slowly with bin width. All those body waves demonstrate clear directivity with strong signals traveling from the east. The time-lapse SNR variations for the PcP and ScS show correlation with the occurrence of major earthquakes, while the P-wave SNR demonstrates seasonal variations with additional contribution from major earthquakes. The present results suggest teleseismic body waves can be retrieved through bin stacking, though further processing is still necessary to obtain finer waveforms such as P wave triplications.     

Direct tangible damage assessment for regional snowmelt flood disasters with HJ-1 and HR satellite images: a case study of the Altay region,northern Xinjiang,China

Regional snowmelt flood disasters (RSFDs) can cause significant direct tangible damage which generally refers to the physical destruction due to direct contact with the flood water, such as damage to buildings, croplands, livestock, and infrastructure. Information about people, habitations, and infrastructure affected by the flood is essential for disaster responders and the humanitarian community to plan and coordinate emergency response activities. However, this direct tangible damage information obtained in the ground is limited, incomplete, contradictory, and sometimes impossible to obtain in a short time. Earth observation satellites help overcome operational uncertainties after the RSFDs. Here, we present an improved rapid direct tangible damage assessment model using HJ-1 and GF-1/2 satellite images. We selected the Altay region in northern Xinjiang, China, as the study area, and investigated a RSFD occurring in spring 2017. A series of HJ-1 and GF-1 images were used to track the flood extent over the duration of the disaster, and the maximum affected flood area was assigned as the area in which direct tangible damage occurred. Pre-disaster GF-2 images were then used to estimate direct tangible damage to habitations (2375 households and 6388 rooms), infrastructure (102 km of roads), and affected population (7125) in the flood area, which covered an area of 185,240 m². Our method is an effective approach for the design of rescue plans and disaster subsidy programs.     

Influencing factors of seismic signals generated by un-tuned large volume airgun array in a land reservoir

Un-tuned large volume airgun array in a water reservoir is recently proposed as a new way to generate seismic waves on land. It can be used to explore the earth velocity structure and its temporal variations as well. However, the characteristics of seismic signals (especially far-field signals) from an airgun array in a reservoir and its affecting factors (firing pressure, airgun towing depth, water level of the reservoir, etc.) has not been adequately studied. We analyzed the seismic data collected from field experiments at Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station in 2011 and 2013 and found that (1) The similarity of seismic signals decrease with distance, which is most likely induced by the decay of signal amplitude and signal to noise ratio (SNR); (2) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are almost linearly proportional to the firing pressure; (3) The towing depth of airgun has less effects on the far-field signals; (4) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are proportional to the water level of the reservoir.     

Regional differences in hydrological response to canopy interception schemes in a land surface model

Two different canopy interception schemes are applied to the parameterization of the hydrological processes in the Community Land Model version 3. One scheme treats rainfall and canopy water storage as spatially uniform within each model grid cell, and the other scheme considers sub‐grid variability of rainfall and water storage in the parameterization of canopy hydrological processes. The hydrological responses to differences between these two schemes in different regions are studied. It is found that the impact of the sub‐grid variability in the tropical regions is generally greater than the extra‐tropical regions. However, such impact can't be negligible for the extra‐tropical regions. Soil water in the total 3.4 m soil depth increases by 3% for Central‐South Europe, and vegetation temperature increases by 0.14 °C for Southeastern United States if the regional averages are considered. The magnitude of the impact is greater if the analysis focuses on the specific grid cells in these regions. The impact is tightly correlated with rainfall amount and vegetation density. The correlation coefficient between such impact and rainfall amount and vegetation density varies with regions and hydrological variables, with the largest value of 0.92 for interception loss in Amazonia. Our results indicate that the impact of the sub‐grid variability on hydrological processes in the extra‐tropical areas is also important, although rainfall amount and vegetation density in these areas are not as high as in the tropical areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.