Coregionalization by Linear Combination of Nonorthogonal Components

This paper applies the relationship between the matrix multivariate covariance and the covariance of a linear combination of a single attribute to analyze modeling with nested structures. This analysis for modeling of covariances is introduced to the multivariate case for nonorthogonal vector spatial components. Results validate the classic linear model of coregionalization for a more general case of nonorthogonality, that produces additional terms including cross-covariance in the nested structures. Linear combinations of nested structures have been applied in the frequency domain to a more general case where the coefficients are nonconstant but valid transfer functions. This allows for a tool for the production of cross-covariance and covariance models that are convolutions of valid models. An example for modeling of the hole effect is illustrated.     

Spatially resolved kinematics and stellar populations of brightest cluster and group galaxies

We present an examination of the kinematics and stellar populations of a sample of three brightest group galaxies (BGGs) and three brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in X-ray groups and clusters. We have obtained high signal-to-noise ratio Gemini/Gemini South Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) long-slit spectra of these galaxies and use Lick indices to determine ages, metallicities and α-element abundance ratios out to at least their effective radii. We find that the BGGs and BCGs have very uniform masses, central ages and central metallicities. Examining the radial dependence of their stellar populations, we find no significant velocity dispersion, age, or α-enhancement gradients. However, we find a wide range of metallicity gradients, suggesting a variety of formation mechanisms. The range of metallicity gradients observed is surprising, given the homogeneous environment these galaxies probe and their uniform central stellar populations. However, our results are inconsistent with any single model of galaxy formation and emphasize the need for more theoretical understanding of both the origins of metallicity gradients and galaxy formation itself. We postulate two possible physical causes for the different formation mechanisms.     

Magnetotelluric Soundings In the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Summary. Magnetotelluric soundings have been made at 25 stations in the Rocky Mountain Trench (RMT) and Main Ranges near 53° N, close to the centre of a major conductivity anomaly which had been mapped in a magnetovariation array study. Most stations covered the frequency range 0.01–500 Hz and three stations 0.0002–500 Hz. the resistivity tensor shows low to moderate anisotropy in the RMT, but is strongly 2-D or 3-D in the Rocky Mountains. Apparent resistivities as a function of frequency are displayed in pseudosections along the Trench and along a transverse profile across the RMT and into the Main Ranges. In preparation for 2-D modelling, 1-D inversions have been used to construct resistivity-depth sections satisfying both magnitudes and phases of the MT responses. These show very low resistivities, in the range 1—10Ωm, in the upper crust under the RMT and even lower values under the Main Ranges. the latter values give strong confirmation of the Northern Rockies conductor reported by Bingham, Cough & Ingham and are in agreement with models of the conductors fitted to long-period magnetovariation fields by Ingham, Gough & Parkinson. the MT results here reported add some essential depth and resistivity information. It is suggested that the conductors beneath the Rocky Mountains Main Ranges and Trench constitute a thickening at the edge of the Canadian Cordilleran Regional (CCR) conductor. Gough has argued that a wide variety of geophysical and geological parameters indicate high temperatures and partial melting in the mantle under the CCR conductor. At the upper crustal depths penetrated in this magnetotelluric study, it is considered more probable that the high conductivity is caused by hot, saline water of mantle origin rather than silicate melt. the CCR in general may have two layers of fluid producing its high conductivity, silicate melt below and saline hot water above.     

Contrasted metamorphic and structural evolutions across a major ductile/brittle displacement zone in NW Connemara,western Ireland

NW Connemara is transected by a steeply dipping, E-W to ESE-WNW trending structure, the Renvyle-Bofin Slide (RBS), which shows evidence of both ductile and brittle displacement. Structural observations indicate a polyphase D1-D4 deformation history in the adjacent rock units, dominated by the development during D2 of a regional L-S fabric comprising an E-W to ESE-WNW striking foliation and a strike-parallel stretching lineation. On the north side of the RBS the stretching lineation is locally oriented N-S and associated with a system of linked ductile duplex structures in the contact aureole of the Dawros-Currywongaun-Doughruagh Complex (DCDC). Folding of the N-S stretching lineation by F3 folds suggests it too formed during D2 synchronous with the more strike-parallel stretching lineation. »Peak« metamorphic conditions and qualitative PTt paths derived from GIBBS method thermodynamic modelling of garnet zoning indicate both sides of the RBS underwent burial during D2, but that the south side of the RBS was buried more (c. 1.5 kbar, 5 km). It is suggested that D2 involved predominantly sinistral displacement on the RBS, but east of Tully Mountain around the DCDC there was substantial dipslip displacement resulting from transpression where the slide markedly bends around Tully Mountain. Modelling of metamorphic mineral assemblages developed across the RBS and analysis of published mineral ages provide evidence that the RBS moved repeatedly during and after regional metamorphism, that the D2 dip-slip component around the DCDC may have been substantial during garnet growth assisting burial of rocks on the southern side of the RBS, and that dip-slip movements were probably dominant and variable during exhumation.

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Zusammenfassung NW Connemara ist durch eine steil einfallende E-W bis ESE-WNW streichende Struktur zerteilt, die Renvyle-Bofin Slide (RBS), welche sowohl Hinweise für eine duktile als auch für spröde Verwerfung zeigt. Tektonische Beobachtungen weisen auf eine mehrphasige D1-D4 Deformationsgeschichte in den umliegenden Gesteinsserien hin, welche von der Entwicklung während D2 des regionalen L-S Gefüges dominiert wird. Diese enthält eine E-W bis ESE-WNW streichende Bänderung, sowie eine parallel zum Streichen verlaufende Streckungslineation. Auf der nördlichen Seite des RBS ist die Streckungslineation lokal N-S orientiert, und wird in Zusammenhang mit einem System von verbundenen duktilen Duplex-Strukturen in der Kontaktaureole des Dawros-Currywongaun-Doughruagh Complexes (DCDC) gebracht. Faltung der N-S gerichteten Streckungslineation durch F3-Falten, legt die Vermutung nahe, daß auch sie von der D2 zeitgleich mit der eher parallel zum Streichen verlaufenden Streckungslineation gebildet wurden. Metamorphe Spitzenbedingungen und qualitative PTt Pfade die von GIBBS Methode abgeleitet wurden, zeigen an Hand von thermodynamischen Mustern, daß beide Seiten des RBS einer Versenkung während D2 unterzogen wurden; die Südseite wurde dabei aber tiefer versenkt (ca. 1,5 kb; 5 km). Es ist naheliegend, daß D2 überwiegend sinistrale Verwerfung des RBS mit sich brachte. Aber östlich von Tully Mountain, in der Nähe der DCDC finden sich erhebliche Aufschiebungen die von der Druckbeanspruchung herrührt, bei der die Überschiebung um Tully Mountain herumbiegt. Modellieren der metamorphen Mineralvergesellschaftungen welche quer über die RBS entwickelt sind, sowie Analysen veröffentlichter Mineralalter liefern einen Hinweis darüber, daß sich die RBS wiederholt während und nach der Regionalmetamorphose bewegt hat. Weiterhin zeigt sich, daß die D2-Sprunghöhe um den DCDC relativ groß während des Granatwachstums war, und unterstützend auf die Versenkung der Gesteine der Südseite des RBS wirkte; sowie weiterhin, daß die Verwerfungsbewegungen während der Freilegung wahrscheinlich dominant und variabel waren.

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Résumé La partie nord-ouest du Connemara est traversée par un accident d'allure redressée, orienté E-W à ESE-WNW: le Renvyle-Bofin Slide (RBS) qui montre à la fois des indices d'un déplacement ductile et cassant. Les observations structurales révèlent, dans les roches avoisinantes, une histoire déformative polyphasée (D1 à D4); celle-ci est dominée par le développement, au cours de la phase D2, d'une fabrique L-S régionale, comportant une foliation E-W à ESE-WNW et une linéation d'étirement parallèle à cette direction. Du côté nord de la RBS, la linéation d'étirement est localement orientée N-S et associée à un système de structures duplex ductiles conjuguées dans l'auréole de contact du complexe de Dawros-Currywongaun-Doughruagh (DCDC). Le plissement de cette linéation N-S par les plis F3 suggère qu'elle aussi a été engendrée par la phase D2 en même temps que la linéation parallèle à la direction. Les conditions du pic du métamorphisme et les trajets (PTt) qualitatifs déduits de la modélisation, par la méthode thermodynamique de Gibbs, du zonage des grenats indiquent que les régions situées de part et d'autre du RBS ont été le siège d'un enfouissement au cours de D2, mais que cet enfouissement était plus important pour la partie sud (environ 1,5 Kbar soit 5 Km). Il semble que la phase D2 a engendré essentiellement un déplacement horizontal sénestre le long du RBS, mais à l'est du Mont Tully, autour du DCDC, il y eut une composante verticale marquée en raison d'une transgression à l'endroit où l'accident contourne le Mont Tully. La modélisation des associations minérales métamorphiques développées en travers du RBS, ainsi que l'étude des datations publiées montrent que le RBS a joué, à diverses reprises pendant et après le métamorphisme régional; elles montrent aussi que la composante verticale de D2 autour du DCDC doit avoir été importante pendant la croissance des grenats qui a marqué l'enfouissement des roches au sud de l'accident et que les mouvements verticaux étaient probablement prédominants et variables au cours de l'exhumation.

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- , E-W ESE-WNW , , , . (D1-D4) , L-S D-2. -W ESE-WNW , . N-S Dawros-Currywongaun-Doughruagh = DCDC. N-S F-3 , D 2. PTt, Gibb's, , , , D 2 , ( 1,5 ; 5 ). , D 2 . Tully Mountain, DCDC , , Tully Mountain. , , . , DCDC D 2 , , , .

     

Managed realignment as compensation for the loss of intertidal mudflat: A short term solution to a long term problem?

Intertidal mudflats are critical to the functional ecology of estuaries yet large areas are being lost as a result of land claim, erosion and coastal squeeze. This study examines whether managed realignment (at Paull Holme Strays, Humber estuary) can realistically achieve compensation for the loss of intertidal mudflat in the long term. Typical estuarine species quickly colonised the site with the total number of species recorded from the site as a whole being almost equal to that in the reference area within one year. Comparable biomass between the two areas was achieved after 2 years. However, organism abundance remains an order of magnitude lower within the realignment site compared to outside. Community structure within the realignment has changed from one characterised by terrestrial/freshwater organisms and early colonising species to one composed of typically estuarine species. However, the developing benthic communities only represent those typical of the estuary in areas of low elevation and high inundation frequency. Rapid accretion has favoured saltmarsh colonisation in much of the realignment site and this is expected to increase as accretion proceeds with invertebrate colonisation being inhibited by increasing elevation. Hence, realignment to restore intertidal mudflats can only be a short term solution in sites of high tidal elevation and in a dynamic and turbid estuary with high natural accretion rates, such as the Humber.     

ECHA J0843.3–7905: Discovery of an ''old'' classical T Tauri star in the η Chamaeleontis cluster

Cold, dense clouds of gas have been proposed to explain the dark matter in Galactic haloes, and have also been invoked in the Galactic disc as an explanation for the excess faint submillimetre sources detected by SCUBA. Even if their dust-to-gas ratio is only a small percentage of that in conventional gas clouds, these dense systems would be opaque to visible radiation. We examine the possibility that the data sets of microlensing experiments searching for massive compact halo objects can also be used to search for occultation signatures by such clouds. We compute the rate and time-scale distribution of stellar transits by clouds in the Galactic disc and halo. We find that, for cloud parameters typically advocated by theoretical models, thousands of transit events should already exist within microlensing survey data sets. We examine the seasonal modulation in the rate caused by the Earth's orbital motion and find it provides an excellent probe of whether detected clouds are of disc or halo origin.     

A deep photometric survey of the η Chamaeleontis cluster down to the brown dwarf – planet boundary

We report the outcome of the deep optical/infrared photometric survey of the central region (33 × 33 arcmin² or 0.9 pc²) of the η Chamaeleontis (η Cha) pre-main sequence star cluster. The completeness limits of the photometry are I = 19.1, J = 18.2 and H = 17.6, faint enough to reveal low-mass members down to the brown dwarf and planet boundary of ≈13 M_Jup. We found no such low-mass members in this region. Our result combined with a previous shallower ( I = 17) but larger area survey indicates that low-mass objects  (0.013 < M /M_⊙ < 0.075)  were either not created in the η Cha cluster or lost due to the early dynamical history of the cluster and ejected to outside the surveyed areas.     

The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: the nature of the relative bias between galaxies of different spectral type

We present an analysis of the relative bias between early- and late-type galaxies in the Two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) – as defined by the η parameter of Madgwick et al., which quantifies the spectral type of galaxies in the survey. We calculate counts in cells for flux-limited samples of early- and late-type galaxies, using approximately cubical cells with sides ranging from 7 to  42 h ⁻¹ Mpc  . We measure the variance of the counts in cells using the method of Efstathiou et al., which we find requires a correction for a finite volume effect equivalent to the integral constraint bias of the autocorrelation function. Using a maximum-likelihood technique we fit lognormal models to the one-point density distribution, and develop methods of dealing with biases in the recovered variances resulting from this technique. We then examine the joint density distribution function,   f (δ_E, δ_L)  , and directly fit deterministic bias models to the joint counts in cells. We measure a linear relative bias of ≈1.3, which does not vary significantly with ℓ. A deterministic linear bias model is, however, a poor approximation to the data, especially on small scales  (ℓ≤ 28  h ⁻¹ Mpc)  where deterministic linear bias is excluded at high significance. A power-law bias model with index   b ₁≈ 0.75  is a significantly better fit to the data on all scales, although linear bias becomes consistent with the data for  ℓ≳ 40  h ⁻¹ Mpc  .