Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

滇东北山原县域土地分级与土地分类──以会泽县为例

将滇东北山原内会泽县土地按复合土地系统、土地系统、土地单元三级,划分为6个复合土地系统、20个土地系统和128个土地单元,分析了复合土地系统的自然特征.     

树轮稳定同位素记录:进展、问题及展望

树轮稳定同位素比率(δ13 C、δ18O 和δD)变化与树木生长季的气候和环境条件密切相关。控制实验表明, 树轮稳定同位素比率变化可较好地记录树木叶片气孔活动、水分来源、水分利用效率等相关信息, 已成为古气候和全球变化生态学研究的重要代用指标和手段之一。树轮稳定同位素记录能够较好地保留低频气候环境变化信息, 与年轮宽度相结合, 可有效地进行区域古气候重建和全球变化生态学方面的研究。文章综述了树轮稳定同位素的分馏机理及其发展, 系统阐述和评价了利用树轮稳定同位素指标进行古气候和古环境的相关研究成果, 并指出树轮稳定同位素研究在中国未来亟须着重发展的方向。     

Prediction of Water Temperature as Affected by a Pre‐Constructed Reservoir Project Based on MIKE11

Reservoir construction can lead to much more water stored in front of the dam and significantly increase heat storage capacity of the reservoir waters, thus resulting in different distribution pattern of water temperature in reservoir area compared to river. Especially for large reservoir, the obvious stratification of water temperature will appear in the reservoir with deeper water levels. Meanwhile, the low water temperature will be observed in the downstream river due to the operation of the reservoir. The vertical numerical simulation model for reservoir from MIKE 11 was used to predict the changes of water temperature of Wuxikou Reservoir to check the effects of the reservoir construction on water temperature. The water temperature prediction model was developed to simulate the water temperature of the reservoir and the discharged outflow water. The predicted results can contribute to assessing the feasibility of the pre‐constructed project based on the environmental influence of water temperature.     

黄河小浪底旅游开发的国内客源市场分析与预测

黄河小浪底旅游区是河南省旅游业“九五”计划重点建设项目,也是新世纪河南省旅游业发展的龙头景区。文章通过定性与定量相结合的方法,不仅分析了小浪底国内客源市场的趋势和走向,还深度采用趋势分析法、专家咨询法、分级法、平均值法等多种预测方法,对小浪底旅游区国内客源市场进行了深入的分析与预测,从而为小浪底旅游开发及其规划提供了科学依据,同时也希望能为其它新开发旅游区的客源市场分析与预测提供方法借鉴。     

Implications of diverse sedimentation patterns in Hala Lake, Qinghai Province, China for reconstructing Late Quaternary climate

Hala Lake is located in the Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, at 4,078?m a.s.l. Its sediments contain an archive of climate and hydrologic changes during the Late Quaternary, as it is located close to the area influenced by the East-Asian summer monsoon and westerly-driven air masses. Sedimentation patterns and depositional conditions within the lake were investigated using eight sediment cores from different water depths, and this information was used to evaluate the feasibility of using a single core to reconstruct past climate and hydrological conditions. Long core H7, from the center of the lake (65?m water depth) and core H8 from a western, near-shore location (20?m water depth), were compared in detail using sediment composition and geochemical data (X-ray fluorescence, loss-on-ignition and CNS analysis). Age models were constructed using 17 AMS radiocarbon dates and indicate negligible reservoir error for sediments from the lake center and?~1,000?year errors for the near-shore sediment core. Cores H1?CH5 and HHLS21-1 revealed a sediment succession from sand and silty clay to laminated clay on the southern side of the lake. Undisturbed, finely laminated sediments were found at water depths???15?m. Core H5 (2.5?m long), from 31?m water depth, yielded abundant green algal mats mixed with clayey lake deposits and was difficult to interpret. Algae occurred between 25 and 32?m water depth and influenced the dissolved oxygen content of the stratified lake. Comparison of cores H7 and H8 yielded prominent mismatches for different time periods, which may, in part, be attributed to internal lacustrine processes, independent of climate influence. We thus conclude that data from a single sediment core may lead to different climate inferences. Common shifts among proxy data, however, showed that major climate shifts, of regional to global significance, can be tracked and allow reconstruction of lake level changes over the last 24,000?years. Results indicate advance of glaciers into the lake basin during the LGM, at which time the lake experienced lowest levels, 25?C50?m below present stage. Stepwise refilling began at ca. 16 kyr BP and reached the ?25?m level during the B?lling/Aller?d warm phase, ca. 13.5 kyr BP. A desiccation episode falls within the Younger Dryas, followed by a substantial lake level rise during the first millennium of the Holocene, a result of climate warming, which promoted glacier melt. By ca. 7.6 kyr BP, the lake reached a stable high stand similar to the present level, which persisted until ca. 6 kyr BP. Disturbed sediments in core H7 indicate a single mass flow that was most likely triggered by a major seismic event?~8.5 kyr BP. Subsequent lake development remains unclear as a consequence of data mismatches, but may indicate a general trend to deteriorating conditions and lake level lowstands at ca. 5.0?C4.2, 2.0 and 0.5 kyr BP.     

博斯腾湖流域气候及湖陆风

通过流域多个气象站的资料，分析了流域气候条件，并通过对湖区测点的气象观测资料与陆区测点－ 焉耆站的同步资料对比分析，讨论了博斯腾湖区域小气候其湖陆风特征。     

基于J2EE的分布式WebGIS研究

在对比分析传统的WebGIS各种实现模式优缺点的基础上，探讨了利用企业级J2EE技术实现分布式WebGIS的解决方案，使WebGIS更好地满足企业级应用的需要。     

起伏地形下我国太阳直接辐射空间制图

建立了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射分布式计算模型 ;成功地解决了起伏地形中地形相互遮蔽对太阳直接辐射影响的难题 ;采用数据集群技术 ,探讨了不同数据集情况下太阳直接辐射计算模式的时空有效性 ;以 1km× 1km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映 ,完成了我国 1km× 1km分辨率各月气候平均太阳直接辐射空间分布制图