贵州碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化时空演变的控制

为了解碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化时空演变的作用, 利用RS、GIS和GPS技术构建了贵州20世纪80年代、90年代和21世纪初3期1∶10万的土地石漠化历史空间分布图, 结合碳酸盐岩岩石组合类型分布数据, 利用数学建模的方法进行空间分析.结果发现: (1)石漠化的演变方式与碳酸盐岩的类型有关, 而与其纯度关系不大; (2)石漠化演变规模、演变速率和演变频率与碳酸盐岩岩性纯度呈正相关; (3)在石灰岩组合类型区, 无石漠化土地易演变到中度石漠化土地; 而在白云岩组合类型区, 无石漠化土地易演变到轻度石漠化土地; (4)无论碳酸盐岩纯度和组成如何, 在石漠化演变的长期过程中, 强度以上石漠化波动较小, 轻度、中度石漠化波动较大.因此, 碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化的时空演变过程有明显的控制作用.      

用X射线荧光光谱法测定Cl、S等31个元素

采用硼酸镶边垫底的粉末样品压片制样,用ARL ADVANT′XP＋型X射线荧光光谱仪对土壤和水系沉积物样品中Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl等31个组分进行测定。重点研究了Cl和S等元素的测定条件、痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正问题。使用经验系数法和康普敦散射作内标校正基体效应。经标准物质校验,结果与标准值吻合。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度能满足多目标地球化学调查样品的分析要求。     

河北省邢台将军墓低质超贫铁矿地质特征与开发利用前景

铁矿资源分为富铁、贫铁,随着市场需求增大和资源的枯竭,超贫铁矿将逐渐发展为主要方向,本文就河北省邢台县将军墓一带铁矿地质特征,将其定名为低质超贫铁矿,认为该类型资源在一定条件下具有很好的开发利用前景。     

鸟粪石结晶法预处理垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮的研究

利用鸟粪石结晶法预处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,通过单因素实验和正交实验探讨了pH值、添加剂种类、添加剂比例、反应时间4个因素对氨氮去除率的影响,结合反应过程中的经济成本得出鸟粪石结晶法最佳工艺条件为:pH=9,添加剂为MgC12·6H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O,n(Mg2+):n(NH4+):n(PO43-)=1:1:1,反应时间15min,氨氮去除率达到90.13%,剩余氨氮在300mg/L以下。通过XRD和ESEM分析,沉淀产物为鸟粪石。实验表明鸟粪石结晶法可以有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,为后续使用生物法处理提供条件,也可以弥补矿物吸附法去除氨氮的不足。可将其与生物法、矿物吸附法等方法组合使用,综合处理垃圾渗滤液。     

湖北清江和尚洞风化岩壁放线菌分离及基于16S rRNA的种类分析

为探究湖北清江和尚洞岩壁放线菌物种组成及其与碳酸盐岩相互作用的关系,分别采集该洞穴无光区风化岩壁样品2份（W1和W2）和弱光区风化岩壁样品1份（W3）,采用经改良的5种已知放线菌分离培养基及1种自主设计的风化岩壁浸汁培养基两种策略优化设计分离培养基。采用稀释涂布法分离放线菌,并选择放线菌特异引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增和序列测定并构建系统发育树。结果表明,从3份风化岩壁样品中共纯化到放线菌72株,分属于放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）的4个属:链霉菌属（Streptomyces,69株）、红球菌属（Rhodococcus,1株）、冢村氏菌属（Tsukamurella,1株）和微杆菌属（Microbacterium,1株）,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属。无光区样品W1和W2分离到菌株较少,分别为9株和10株,而弱光区样品W3分离到菌株较多,为53株。研究结果为进一步研究放线菌与洞穴碳酸盐矿物相互作用的潜在关系奠定了基础。      

陆面露水资源开发利用技术初探

简要归纳了陆面露水资源独特的生态和气候效应,分析了开发利用陆面露水资源的理论依据,并重点从局地气候条件的选择和陆水凝结面的改进2个方面讨论了陆面露水资源开发利用的科学思路和技术措施。     

俯冲带温度条件下橄榄石中硅氧四面体的非谐振动:透射红外光谱研究

橄榄石既是上地幔的主要矿物,又是俯冲板块的主要矿物。在正常地幔温度条件下,橄榄石中原子之间的振动是非谐振动,这已成为学界共识;然而,对于俯冲带的较低温情况,橄榄石中原子之间的振动的非谐性是否重要,目前还没有比较一致的结论。本研究利用透射红外光谱的方法,系统研究了室温下不同厚度橄榄石中硅氧四面体的红外光谱特征,并着重对其在2100~1500cm-1区域形成的二倍频峰/合频峰进行了指认。在此基础上,本研究通过采集不同温度下的透射红外光谱数据(最高温度达约450℃),确立了橄榄石中硅氧四面体的相应基频峰及二倍频峰峰位对温度的依赖性,进而得出其相应红外振动的非谐系数(χ)随温度(T)的变化关系,具体为:χ838=6.37(2)×10-7×T+0.0014(1)及χ993=7.86(3)×10-7×T+0.0015(1),其中温度的单位为℃。外推到600℃时,有χ838=0.0018(1)及χ993=0.0020(2)。这些结果表明,在俯冲带的较低温条件下,橄榄石中硅氧四面体的内部振动的非谐性可能不重要。     

黄铁矿晶体制备研究

本文介绍了目前黄铁矿晶体和薄膜的主要制备方法、制备条件参数及其产品特点,以及模拟天然黄铁矿生长的实验方法、条件参数和实验结果.指出应加强合成黄铁矿晶体生长理论研究,根据纳米线阵列、纳米晶线黄铁矿的优异物理、机械性能、天然黄铁矿晶须的矿物学特征和晶须材料的优越性能,认为今后黄铁矿晶须的应用有广阔的前景,合成黄铁矿研究工作值得关注.     

Nature and Evolution of Pre-Neoproterozoic Continental Crust in South China: A Review and Tectonic Implications

South China as an amalgamation of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks is composed of Archean to Mesoproterozoic basement overlain by Neoproterozoic and younger cover. Both the constituent Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks contain well-preserved Neoproterozoic rocks that have been extensively studied in terms of the age and tectonic nature, but less is known about their earlier crustal history due to the incomplete rock record. Recent efforts in investigating the yet survived crustal nature based on isotopic and elemental signatures preserved in igneous and sedimentary rocks have steadily improved our knowledge about the pre-Neoproterozoic continental crustal evolution in South China. In this paper, we summarize the up-to-date pre-Neoproterozoic records, including petrological, geochronological, geochemical and geophysical data, across South China, and discuss its spatiotemporal patterns of the pre-Neoproterozoic crust and the relevant tectonic events. While the xenocrystic/inherited and detrital zircon records suggest widespread Archean (mainly ca. 2.5 Ga) crustal components within both the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, exposed Archean rocks are only limited to isolated crustal provinces in the Yangtze Block. These Archean rocks are dominated by TTGs (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with varied ages (3.3–2.5 Ga) and zircon Hf isotopes, indicating a compositionally heterogeneous nature of the Archean Yangtze Block and, by inference, the development of multiple ancient terranes. The early Paleoproterozoic (2.4–2.2 Ga) tectonomagmatic events characterize the western Yangtze Block and are supportive of an east-west subdivision of the Yangtze basement, whereas the late Paleoproterozoic (2.1–1.7 Ga) orogeneses may have affected a larger area covering both the western and eastern parts of the Yangtze Block, and also the Cathaysia Block. The eastern Yangtze Block with generally northeastward-younging late Paleoproterozoic magmatism and metamorphism likely experienced a prolonged 2.05–1.75 Ga orogenic process welding the various Archean proto-continents, consistent with the documentation of a buried late Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt imaged by deep seismic profiling from its central part and of a slightly older ophiolitic mélange in the northern part. The Cathaysia Block was probably involved in a short-lived 1.9–1.8 Ga orogenic event. The two orogeneses overlapped in time and may have contributed to the cratonization of a possible unified South China, and are referred to be linked with the assembly of the Nuna Supercontinent. The subsequent late Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic rift successions and intrusions (1.7–1.5 Ga) in the southwestern Yangtze Block, and the ca. 1.43 Ga rifting in Hainan Island of the Cathaysia Block could be responses to the Nuna break-up. Late Mesoproterozoic (1.2–1.0 Ga) magmatism of varied age and nature in different localities of the Yangtze Block is reflective of a complex tectonic process in the context of the assembly of the Rodinia Supercontinent. Similar-aged metamorphism (1.3–1.0 Ga) is recorded in Hainan Island, reflecting the Grenvillian continental collision during the Rodinia assembly, but further studies are necessary to better constrain the late Mesoproterozoic tectonic framework of South China.