内蒙古林西朝阳沟早白垩世花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学及其意义

林西县朝阳沟地区位于华北板块与西伯利亚板块之间的兴蒙造山带的东部.朝阳沟花岗岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,岩体的侵位时间为早白垩世（126.2±2.5 Ma）.地球化学分析显示,该花岗岩体具有富硅（SiO₂=68.5%~72.1%）、铝（Al₂O₃=14.05%~14.95%）、碱（K₂O+Na₂O=8.34%~10.03%）和Fe₂O（3 2.27%~4.15%）的特点,属于准铝质碱性花岗岩系列;A/CNK=0.97~1.09,Mg^#值较高,为12.66~15.02;稀土配分曲线呈明显的右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显;具有显著的Eu负异常和Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P、Ti亏损,富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素.在（Yb+Nb）-Rb判别图解和R1-R2判别图解中,样品全部落于后碰撞花岗岩区和造山晚期花岗岩区.结合区域地质背景,认为该岩体形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境中.     

中东地区鲁卜哈利盆地古生界地震反射构型特征与储层预测

根据中东地区鲁卜哈利盆地古生界不同沉积相储集砂体的地震反射构型不同,运用地震资料精细解释与地震沉积学、层序地层学相结合的方法,对盆地东部已钻井区辫状河道和三角洲前缘砂体的沉积特征与地震反射构型特征进行了识别分析;并由此类比到西部地区进行储层预测,在沉积环境相同的T构造区古生界志留系三级基准面旋回TS3下降期,识别出与东部反射特征相似的两套地震反射体,分别预测为辫状河道和三角洲前缘砂体;以此为依据提交的井位建议得到采纳,实钻后证实预测砂体存在。     

GPS载波定位中双差观测值权的合理确定

在GPS载波定位中双差观测值权的确定较为重要,本文在简要介绍了两种常规定权方法之后首次提出了“高度角定权法”,并以某大型水电站的实测数据分析了三种定权方法对基线坐标解算结果精度的影响,数据结果清楚地表明本文提出的“高度角定权”能有效地提高基线坐标解算结果的精度。     

基于WEB三维虚拟场景的建立

随着万维网的发展,在网上实现3维图形的显示、漫游、分析和量测成为研究的焦点内容之一。本文总结了基于WEB的三维虚拟场景的建立与编程技术———VRML与Java3D技术,对这两种技术的运行机理、实现机制作了较详细的论述,并给出了相应的实例。实例证明基于VRML和Java3D建立WEB上的三维模型可以提供给用户一个逼真的、实时的、可交互的三维虚拟场景。     

藏东南泥石流沉积区植物群落结构和物种多样性特征

藏东南是我国泥石流灾害分布最集中,危害严重的区域之一,泥石流堆积扇广布。泥石流沉积区植被恢复是生物治理泥石流和生态恢复措施的重要内容,也是高寒区生态恢复关注的焦点。对林芝县扎西岗、鲁朗定位站和芽依3个不同年代形成的泥石流沉积区植物群落结构和物种进行了多样性调查,结果表明:植物群落结构与泥石流发生的年限、所处的海拔和发生的强度有密切关系。泥石流沉积区植物群落主要为云南沙棘+云南锦鸡儿+蕨麻萎陵菜群落、糙皮桦+高丛珍珠梅+西南草莓群落和糙皮桦+云南锦鸡儿+西南草莓群落组成,包含糙皮桦、云南锦鸡儿等29种植物。泥石流沉积区形成时间越长,群落物种多样性水平有下降趋势,群落优势度C值有一定程度的提高。泥石流沉积区植物群落层次多样性表现为一般草本层多样性水平较高,乔灌层较低。乔灌草均匀度指数Jsw值略大于草本层。泥石流暴发时间过长或过短,Jsw值较小。优势度C值与丰富度指数Ma值呈负相关性,与泥石流沉积区形成时间呈正相关系。     

3个时期骆马湖大型水生植物的分布及变化

大型水生植物对湖泊的生物地球化学循环具有重要影响.一方面,大型水生植物在生长过程吸收营养;另一方面,其通过向水体释放氧气而影响磷元素以及其他相关因子,进而影响磷元素的生物地球化学循环.为了从宏观上了解骆马湖生态系统变化,以1990年9月20日、2000年5月2日和2008年10月15日Landsat TM/ETM+影像为主要数据源,以大型水生植物的归一化植被指数(NDVI)为测试变量,运用分类回归树(classifica-tion and regression tree,CART)方法确定分割阈值,通过构建知识决策树的方法识别骆马湖大型水生植物动态变化特征.3个时期的遥感分类的总体精度与kappa系数分别为92.28％和0.87、91.73％和0.86、93.38％和0.88,因此,该方法的分类精度完全满足骆马湖水生植物分布及变化的研究.研究结果表明,骆马湖大型水生植物分布面积由1990年的55.461 6 km2,减少到2000年的41.801 4 km2,2008年又增加到79.065 km2;大型水生植物主要分布在骆马湖北部河湖交汇区;人类活动干扰是造成骆马湖大型水生植物分布面积发生变化的主要原因.     

安宁河及邛海周边地区地脉动特征分析

根据地脉动测试获得的安宁河和邛海周边地区45个场点的地脉动数据,采用谱分析方法对所测得的数据进行处理。结合场地条件对地脉动谱曲线进行分析总结,得到了该区地脉动频谱特性,给出了不同场地条件下的场地地脉动卓越周期建议值,所得结果可以为西昌市防震减灾规划提供场地背景资料和分析依据,也可为西昌市以后的工程场地选址、场地类别划分和结构抗震设计等提供参考。     

小江断裂带中段和南段井水位变化与形变分析

应用井孔-裂隙、微裂隙(孔隙)水流交换产生的潮汐水位-固体潮的位相差和振幅变化理论,结合井水位变化,分析小江断裂带中段和南段的形变特征.裂隙承压含水层条件下,地震波和构造应力引起的形变能够引起潮汐水位分波位相差和振幅的变化.地震波引起含水层与井孔之间水流交换增大,疏通裂隙而使渗透率增大,震后井水位潮汐分波相位差提前,其后裂隙内沉积物重新堵塞裂隙,渗透率降低,位相差逐渐下降.位相差的长期趋势性变化反映出含水层在构造应力作用下的应变信息.小江断裂带中段和南段形变变化不同.断裂带中段地区,观测井位相差和振幅趋势性下降,表明该区段不仅有走滑特性,并且具有挤压特征.小江断裂带与红河断裂带交会地区观测井振幅和位相差稳定,表明该区域没有受到明显的挤压,形变不明显.     

Modelling soil erosion in tropical environments using remote sensing and geographical information systems

Abstract

Soil erosion probability maps were produced under various case scenarios by accounting for uncertainties in the data and in the decision rule, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). This objective was realized by applying the Bayesian Probability Theory within IDRISI, a raster based GIS. The outcomes were two continuous probability soil erosion maps ranging from zero to 1. Comparing these maps with an earlier study indicates that accounting for the uncertainties has, in general, decreased the probability of soil erosion. Based on average readings for specific sites on the maps, increases in erosion risk under the second case scenario have had the highest impact on the highlands that is in the central, eastern, and northern regions of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Assuming a 10% risk, this impact has increased by 11.98, 11.83 and 5.741% for high, medium and low soil erosion risk areas on the island respectively.     

Insufficient thermalization effects on determining fission-track ages

Fission-Track Dating (FTD) has been developed as a useful technique for geological studies. Parent elements are measured by counting 235 U tracks induced by thermal neutrons. If insufficient thermalization occurs, fission of 238 U and 232 Th will be induced, and further measurement error will be introduced. Therefore, whether the neutrons are well thermalized or not will affect the FTD results. Due to requirement of safe operation, the 101 reactor was terminated in 2007. By using the 492 reactor as the new thermal neutron reactor, our present paper will attempt to study the feasibility and the potential influence on FTD. By irradiating monitor glass SRM612 and CN5 in pairs, we will study the thermalization situation of the 492 reactor. Irradiated data show that thermal neutrons are not evenly distributed either in horizontal or in vertical dimension. Especially, horizontal heterogeneity is obvious. But we discovered that proper irradiation position in the reactor can meet the requirement of FTD. Under the current irradiation condition, we calculated and assessed the insufficient thermalization effects on determining fission-track ages. We found that the difference between the 232 Th/ 238 U ratios of samples and standards is the main factor to the experiment results. The results will not be affected if the 232 Th/ 238 U value of samples is equal to the standard samples. However, if the 232 Th/ 238 U ratio is larger than that of the standards, the results will be smaller than actual ages. Comparatively, the ages will be more than expected if the 232 Th/ 238 U ratio is less. Therefore, to reduce the irradiation error, we suggest either locating the position of irradiation strictly, or minimizing the influence of lateral heterogeneity by reducing the amount of each sample package. Additionally, accuracy of the experimental results can be improved by increasing standard samples to adjust ζ value and using the monitor of standard glass SRM612 and CN5 together.