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841.
842.
Short-term wave design approach of marine structures, using nonlinear time domain simulations, is a design procedure that is recognized by various modern standard codes. One of the most challenging points of this approach is the evaluation of the characteristic extreme values for response parameters used in the design check equations. The most straightforward and recommended way to evaluate a response characteristic value is by fitting an extreme value probability distribution to the N-sample of extreme values extracted from N independent time domain simulations with duration equal to the short-term period indicated by the code, which is usually taken as 3 h. However, this procedure would not be practical for some types of marine structures, such as risers and mooring lines, under numerous design load cases and demanding huge finite element models. A more feasible approach would be to assess the response extreme value distribution using only a single short-term time domain simulation with duration shorter than 3 h. But reduced time simulations always introduce some additional statistical uncertainty into the extreme values estimates. This paper discusses a workable way of properly taking into account the statistical uncertainty associated with the simulation length in the assessment of a characteristic short-term extreme response value based on a single time series. 相似文献
843.
V. V. Zuev S. L. Bondarenko N. E. Zueva 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(9):1032-1038
The response of the total ozone (TO) at subarctic latitudes to volcanic eruptions, products of which were injected into the
stratosphere, is analyzed. It is established that the behavior of the series of average annual TO values according to the
TOMS, SCIAMACHY, and GOME space equipment data averaged for 55°–65° N latitudes agrees with the activity of explosive volcanic
eruptions. The series of the TO satellite monitoring instrumental data are extended by 200 years into the past using a reconstruction
from the dendro-chronologic data. An analysis of the series of TO reconstructed values indicates that volcanogenic perturbations
of the subarctic ozonosphere initiate long-term negative TO deviations. In this case, the TO negative deviation depth depends
on the frequency of the ozonosphere volcanogenic perturbations and the phase of quasiperiodic oscillation cycles rather than
on the strength of a single volcanic explosion. 相似文献
844.
M. B. Gokhberg G. M. Steblov S. L. Shalimov V. A. Veis E. A. Grekhova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(8):929-940
Using available Russian and international Global Positioning System (GPS) network data, we studied the ionospheric response
to the M = 8.9 submarine earthquake of March 11, 2011, on the northeastern coast of Honshu Island, Japan, both near and far (about
2000 km away) from the epicenter. In the region over the epicenter, 8.7 min after the event, we detected a characteristic
signal of the total electron content (TEC) variations consisting of compression and rarefaction phases and a linear transition
zone in between, i.e., in the form of an N-type wave with a steep leading front indicating a rapid uplift of the water surface and, correspondingly, the bottom of the
ocean. The shape of the signal can be used for early tsunami warning; i.e., it may indicate the tsunamigenic character of
a submarine earthquake. We monitored the subsequent evolution of the ionospheric response as far as 2000 km from the epicenter.
It was shown that, besides the wellknown ionospheric N-type wave response to the earthquake, there is also a response in the form of an inverted N-wave, both nearby and far from the epicenter. We detected two more types of ionospheric responses far from the epicenter:
a solitary-like wave and an internal gravity wave (IGW). The detected signals have been interpreted. 相似文献
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
Internal waves occurring near an oceanic ridge as a result of impingement of a barotropic tide are scrutinized in terms of the long theory for long waves. The ocean is assumed to be double-layered, the relief continuously changing, and the tidal wave on-running at an arbitrary angle. The dependences of the wave amplitudes and horizontal velocities on the ridge's latitude, the angle of tide running, and the depth of the density jump layer are obtained. Similar investigations for the model bottom relief have been conducted in refs 1 and 3.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
850.
A hybrid thermal protection method using waste heat from a surface-mounted outboard motor is shown to create a warm “micro-climate” environment for divers. The effects of surface heater capacities, water flow rates, shelter volume and shelter insulation on micro-climate temperatures are characterized. During long, cold-water decompression stops this method offers a reliable, low-cost alternative to surface-supplied hot water suits or diver-carried heating systems. An added bonus for divers using closed-circuit breathing apparatus is prolonged durations of their carbon dioxide scrubbers when surrounded by the warm water “micro-climate”. Closed-circuit and open-circuit options of this diver decompression shelter concept are evaluated. 相似文献