老龄化地理学专辑序言

<正>进入21世纪以来,老龄化问题越来越突出,全球范围内基于地理学视角的老龄化研究成果也日益丰富。老龄化对中国的现代化进程影响深远,未来一二十年间快速老龄化将对城镇化和经济发展带来很大不确定性。为了顺利跨越"中等收入"陷阱,有序过渡到一个更加健康、成熟的社会,实现"老有所终,壮有所用,幼有所长,鳏寡孤独废疾者,皆有所养",必须深化对相关概念、理论和实际问题的研究。我们特邀请国内外专家撰稿,组织刊发了本期专辑,以期引起国内地理学界     

铁同位素的MC-ICP-MS测定方法与地质标准物质的铁同位素组成

详细报道了在低分辨和高分辨模式下运用MC-ICP-MS进行Fe同位素比值高精度测试的方法,对Fe同位素测定过程中谱峰干扰、基质效应、浓度效应、仪器测试的长期重现性等问题进行了评估,并对两种运行模式的测试结果进行了对比.在95%的可信度范围内,所建方法的外部精度优于0.5ε/ainu,达到国际同类实验室的先进水平,并且低分辨和高分辨两种模式下获得的Fe同位素测试结果是一致的.在此基础上对国家地质标准物质GBW07105(玄武岩)和GBW 07111(花岗闪长岩)进行了Fe同位素测定.相对于Fe同位素国际标样IRMM-014,GBW07105的Fe同位素成分为:ε57Fe=1.9±0.3(20),ε56Fe=1.3±0.2(2σ),ε57/56Fe=0.6±0.1(2σ);GBW 07111的Fe同位素成分为:ε57Fe=1.8±0.4(2σ),ε56Fe=1.2±0.2(2σ),ε57/56Fe=0.6±0.1(2σ).     

Evidence of ancient life at 207 m depth in a granitic aquifer

The results of electron-microscopy investigations of calcite precipitated in a water-conducting fracture in a ca. 1800 Ma granitic rock from 207 m below sea level at the island of Aspo on the southeastern (Baltic) coast of Sweden are compared with measurements of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur isotope composition of the calcite and embedded pyrite. Parts of the calcite had extremely low delta 13C values, indicative of biological activity, and contained bacteria-like microfossils occurring in colonies and as typical biofllms. X-ray microanalysis demonstrated these fossils to be enriched in carbon. Our results provide evidence for ancient life in deep granitic rock aquifers and suggest that the modern microbial life found there is intrinsic. Modeling historical and present geochemical processes in deep granitic aquifers should, therefore, preferably include biologically catalyzed reactions. The results also suggest that the search for life on other planets, e.g., Mars, should include subsurface material.     

Planetary-Scale Wave Structures of the Earth’s Atmosphere Revealed from the COSMIC Observations

GPS radio occultation（GPS RO） method,an active satellite-to-satellite remote sensing technique,is capable of producing accurate,all-weather,round the clock,global refractive index,density,pressure,and temperature profiles of the troposphere and stratosphere.This study presents planetary-scale equatorially trapped Kelvin waves in temperature profiles retrieved using COSMIC（Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate） satellites during 2006-2009 and their interactions with background atmospheric conditions.It is found that the Kelvin waves are not only associated with wave periods of higher than 10 days（slow Kelvin waves） with higher zonal wave numbers（either 1 or 2）,but also possessing downward phase progression,giving evidence that the source regions of them are located at lower altitudes.A thorough verification of outgoing longwave radiation（OLR） reveals that deep convection activity has developed regularly over the Indonesian region,suggesting that the Kelvin waves are driven by the convective activity.The derived Kelvin waves show enhanced（diminished） tendencies during westward（eastward） phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation（QBO） in zonal winds,implying a mutual relation between both of them.The El Nino and Southern Oscillation（ENSO） below 18 km and the QBO features between 18 and 27km in temperature profiles are observed during May 2006-May 2010 with the help of an adaptive data analysis technique known as Hilbert Huang Transform（HHT）.Further,temperature anomalies computed using COSMIC retrieved temperatures are critically evaluated during different phases of ENSO,which has revealed interesting results and are discussed in light of available literature.     

内华达东中部安特勒前陆盆地演化与层序地层学

引言安特勒盆地的密西西比纪沉积岩出露于从爱达荷经东内华达至南内华达的连续区域内。这些岩石为硅质碎屑盆地充填序列,并超覆在晚古生代以碳酸盐沉积为主的北美西部边缘之上。在中内华达的研究区域内(图1),安特勒盆地的大部分地层已被划归为两个单位:(1)Chainman页岩(Spencer,1917;Easton等,1953);(2)Diamond Peak组的砾岩和砂岩(Easton等,1953;Nolan等,1956)。本区安特勒盆地从早密西西比世到早宾夕法尼亚     

大洋深俯冲带流变性质及其地球动力学意义

在压力3 GPa, 温度1450～1600 K, 应变速率10-4～10-5 s-1条件下, 对深俯冲带和上地幔中两种重要岩石(榴辉岩和方辉橄榄岩)的流变性质进行了实验研究, 获得了榴辉岩在超高压条件下的流变参数, 应力指数为3.4, 活化能为480 kJ/mol, 活化体积为12 cm3/mol. 实验结果表明具有中等石榴石含量榴辉岩的流变强度与方辉橄榄岩的流变强度在上地幔浅部条件下基本相当, 是多晶绿辉石岩强度的2～3倍和多晶石榴石岩强度的一半. 随榴辉岩中石榴石含量的逐步增加, 岩石的整体流变强度也不断增大. 在实验研究基础上, 计算了不同板块汇聚速率条件下深俯冲大洋岩石圈在不同深度层次上的流变强度, 以及橄榄岩和榴辉岩上地幔流变强度随深度的变化. 研究表明, 俯冲洋壳从下覆的上地幔拆离出来最有可能发生在缓慢俯冲的热俯冲带中; 而快速俯冲的冷俯冲带, 俯冲地壳与上地幔之间在强度上是耦合的, 发生拆离的可能性不大. 过渡带是上地幔中除岩石圈地幔外的高强度和高黏度层.     

新疆水资源承载力及用水效率评价分析

选取水资源承载力的10个相关指标,根据新疆2002-2016年的相关指标数据,运用主成分分析法,选出影响水资源承载力变化的3个主成分,计算得到2002-2016年新疆水资源承载力的综合得分.结果表明:新疆水资源承载力水平呈上升趋势,水资源承载力因子是人口与社会经济发展因素、水资源禀赋因子、人口用水水平因子,人口与社会经...