苏门答腊—安达曼地震的GPS分析

2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊地震是历史上破坏性最强的地震之一。此次地震的震级Mw=9．3(根据Stein和Okal以简正模式振幅修订，http：//www．earth．northwestern．edu／people／seth／research／sumatra．html)，是自1900年以来记录到的第二最大地震。它发生在苏门答腊岛北部以西100千米的近海处，     

苏门答腊地震的速度和大小：现在我们对去年巨大地震的特征有了更清晰的认识

我们的地震学分析结果表明，2004年12月26日的苏门答腊一安达曼毁灭性地震比最初报告结果大2．5倍，其震级仅次于1960年智利地震。该地震沿1200km长的断层滑动缓慢释放其能量，产生的长破裂引发了随后的海啸。既然整个破裂区已经滑动，由印度板块向缅甸小板块下俯冲所积累的应变也被释放，因此在该部分板块边界上暂时没有产生类似海啸的危险，虽然南段大地震的威胁依然存在。     

加卸载响应比（LURR）、矩／能量加速释放（AM／ER）、态矢量：岩石试件破坏前兆的实验研究

为了验证大地震发生前或者非均匀脆性介质宏观破坏前加卸载响应比和能量加速释放等前兆现象，本文进行了三轴应力(压缩)条件下大尺度岩石破坏声发射实验。实验采用4组岩石试件，并且分为单调加载和循环加载两种方式。实验结果证明了脆性材料宏观破坏前加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放这两种前兆现象。本文提出了一种描述岩石试件损伤演化的新的物理量——态矢量。     

2001年1月26日布季Mw7．6级地震的余震震源参数及构造含义

介绍并讨论了现代地震学时期发生的最大大陆板内地震的1000多次余震的空间分布。其数据是由8台便携式数字测震仪组成的台网在主震后17天开始用3周时间记录的。我们已计算了高质量的单一事件位置,所基于的是由这个地区震级为2-5 的地震确定的一维速度模型。余震定位揭示出活动集中在一个近东走向的向南倾斜的面上,呈梯形分布。活动带沿走向逐渐变短,从深度约为5 km的浅部长度约为45 km到 35 km的深度不足25 km。整个破裂区面积约为1300 km2。我们估计主震的静态应力降为16±2 MPa。余震扩展到几乎整个地壳,集中在10 km深的上地壳,和约26 km 深的下地克。断层破裂没有在地表出露,也不知道它在2001地震前是否是活断层。余震数据与布季主震一致,主震是由夭折裂谷的拉张作用形成的断层在收缩过程中的重新激活引起的。     

2004年12月26日苏门答腊—安达曼地震激发的地球自由振荡

根据300~500S的面波估计得到的哈佛大学矩心矩张量断层机制,当周期大于1000S时,地球的地震自由振荡的振幅将异常地大。我们对一个比较陡的断层应用根据地震的体波和面波得到的更真实的破裂模型,估计了自由振荡的振幅近似等于地震矩(6.5×1022N.M),这相当于矩震级为9.15。由于破裂的持续时间达600S,故断层破裂模型足以描述地震的观测结果,但却低估了大地测量位移,这些位移表明在尼科巴群岛和安达曼群岛下面发生了缓慢的断层运动。     

WATER QUALITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN DISUSED MAN MADE LAKFS FOR SUITABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE PROJECT

A study has been conducted on the status of water quality in two disused man made lakes, which have potential for cage aquaculture project. This study highlights the quality of water analyzed with reference to various physical - chemical parameters in two selected lakes and their suitability for fish farming. A number of parameters were measured including the amount of NH3 - N, NO3 - N, NO2 - N and total phosphorus while in - situ measurement including DO, pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS and Secchi disk visibility. Beside the physical -chemical of water, the location, morphometry and climate conditions were also investigated. The chemical data analyzed for six months indicated that Lake A and Lake B are characterized by relatively high DO, slightly neutral pH and low TSS. The concentration of NH3 -N and NO2 -N was very low （0. 058 mg/L and 0. 04 mg/L, respectively） and total phosphorus was usually in low concentration and sometimes would seem negligible. Besides, NO3 - N occurred in slightly higher concentration （1.75 mg/L）. Results obtained indicated that the study site has high potentiality for development of inland fisheries practices.     

Cambrian Stem-group Cnidarians with a New Species from the Cambrian Series 3 of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

Five species, Lipopora lissa Jell and Jell, 1976, Lipopora daseia Jell and Jell, 1976, Tretocylichne perplexa Engelbretsen, 1993 from Australia, Cambroctoconus orientalis Park, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Han and Chough, 2011 from China, and Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus Peel, 2014 from Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians have been documented in the fossil record. Cambroctoconus coreaensis sp. nov., interpreted here as a stem-group cnidarian, from the Seokgaejae section in the Daegi Formation, Taebaek Group (Cambrian Series 3), Taebaeksan Basin, central-eastern Korean Peninsula, has a slender cup-shaped skeleton. A cladistic analysis produced 21 most parsimonious trees, which invariably placed the six stem-group cnidarians below the crown-group, but their relationships within the stem-group are unresolved. Nine out of the 21 trees suggest a monophyletic relationship for the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians, whereas in six other trees a monophyly of Cambroctoconus and Tretocylichne appeared as the sister-group to the crown-group cnidarians with Lipopora at the most basal branch. This result may reflect the fact that crown-group cnidarians evolved in the Precambrian, and suggests that the diversity of stem-group cnidarians was a result of an independent radiation in the Cambrian.     

The Timing of the Palaeoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event using Dykes,Sills and Bolcanics of the Ongeluk Large Igneous Province,Kaapvaal Craton

正The Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup of the Kaapvaal Craton,southern Africa,is one of the best-preserved and most complete stratigraphic records across a critical in juncture in the Earth’s history.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.