A sulfur budget for the Black Sea anoxic zone

A budget for the sulfur cycle in the Black Sea is proposed which incorporates specific biogeochemical process rates. The average sulfide production in the water column is estimated to be 30–50 Tg yr⁻¹, occurring essentially in the layer between 500 and 2000 m. About 3.2–5.2 Tg sulfide yr⁻¹ form during sulfate reduction in surface sediments of the anoxic zone. Total sulfur burial in anoxic sediments of 1 Tg yr⁻¹ consists of 10–70% (ca. 40–50% is the average) water column formed (syngenetic) component, the rest being diagenetic pyrite. As a maximum, between 3 and 5 Tg yr⁻¹ contribute sulfide to the bottom water or diffuse downward in the sediment. About 20–50 Tg yr⁻¹ sulfide is oxidized mostly at the chemocline and about 10–20% of this amount (4.4–9.2 Tg yr⁻¹) below the chemocline by the oxygen of the Lower Bosphorus Current. A model simulating the vertical distribution of sulfide in the Black Sea water column shows net consumption in the upper layers down to ca. 500 m, essentially due to oxidation at the chemocline, and net production down to the bottom. On the basis of the calculated budget anoxic conditions in the Black Sea are sustained by the balance between sulfide production in the anoxic water column and oxidation at the chemocline. On average the residence time of sulfide in the anoxic zone is about 90–150 yr, comparable to the water exchange time between oxic and anoxic zones. Hydrophysical control on the sulfur cycle appears to be the main factor regulating the extent of anoxic conditions in the Black Sea water column, rather than rates of biogeochemical processes.     

A New Mantispid-Like Species of Rhachiberothinae(Neuroptera:Berothidae)from Baltic Amber,with a Critical Review of the Fossil Record of the Subfamily

<正>Whalfera wiszniewskii sp.nov.is described from the Late Eocene Baltic amber.The genus Whalfera is considered as the only fossil genus confidently assigned to the Rhachlberothinae.Others previously placed in this subfamily belong to Paraberothinae(except perhaps for Oisea).The Late Eocene/present Rhachiberothinae and the Cretaceous Paraberothinae are considered to be the subfamilies of Berothidae.