两种新方法实现CSAMT静态校正

可控源音频大地电磁法近几年来成功地应用于矿产资源、油气资源、地热资源、煤炭资源勘查及工程环境等勘探中,但是地表不均匀体产生的静态效应问题是当前该方法急需解决的一个技术难题。针对这一问题提出了两种静态校正新方法,方向滤波法和带相位的滑动滤波法,并具体说明了这两种算法的设计思想。通过建立地表存在不均匀体时的地电模型,正演模拟合成了存在静态效应的电阻率及阻抗相位断面图,使用方向滤波法和带相位的滑动滤波法分别对它们进行静态校正,基本可以消除地表不均匀体的影响。然后对新疆某地存在静态效应的CSAMT测量原始数据断面图应用这两种方法进行静态校正,取得了较好的效果。     

2009年7月青藏高原的天气观测资料及其与T639资料的对比分析

本文将2009年7月高原考察获得的一些观测资料与T639资料进行对比分析,得到以下结论:通过比较拉萨、那曲、定日三地探空观测和T639资料给出的风场、湿度场和温度场廓线发现,两者给出的风场廓线形态比较一致,风速大小略有差异;整层相对湿度的差异都很大,尤其是0000UTC时刻相对湿度廓线的形态和值都与探空观测有着显著差异,几乎没有体现出逆湿的特性;温度场的差异主要体现在边界层大气中。地面自动站资料与T639地表资料的比较结果是,T639资料给出的高原腹地大部分区域温度和比湿都比观测值偏低,而风速的分布形态存在显著差异。地表通量的日变化特征显示,由于下垫面状况的差异,拉萨与林芝和青海湖地区相比,感热通量和动量通量大些,潜热通量小些。      

Investigation of the channelling effect on pollutants dispersion between adjacent roadway tunnels

The health risks presented by noxious vehicle emissions inside tunnels has been amplified due to the increasing use of roadway tunnels. Particularly, for adjacent roadway tunnels, vehicular emissions from the upstream tunnel can further deteriorate the air quality within the following tunnels. A scale vehicle tunnel model was designed to experimentally modelled the airflow and pollutants dispersion in contiguous roadway tunnels. The channelling effect on pollutants dispersion between adjacent roadway tunnels was studied, and factors such as ventilation speed, open road section length, traffic condition (e.g. car free, car running and traffic congestion) were considered. Pollutants mass flow rate ratio between downstream and upstream tunnels was calculated to evaluate the variation of the entrained pollutants amount. For the car free condition, pollutant can be easily entrained into the downwind tunnel when the gap distance between roadway tunnels decreased. For the car running condition with fixed tunnel gap distance, the traffic speed variation barely changed the pollutants mass flow rate ratio. Furthermore, evident influences on pollutants concentration were observed from continuous congestion and partial congestion. Lastly, numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics approach was conducted for the car free scenario, and reasonably good agreements were found for pollutants concentration ratio compared with the experimental data. The results yielded from this study further quantified the relationships among different influential factors on the pollutants dispersion between roadway tunnels, and can contribute to an improved tunnel ventilation system design, especially for the downstream tunnel.     

Effect of confining pressure unloading on strength reduction of soft coal in borehole stability analysis

Underground borehole drilling usually causes instability in the surrounding coal due to in situ stress redistribution (including stress concentration and stress release). However, the mechanisms of unloading-induced coal strength reduction are still poorly understood. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of confining pressure unloading on soft coal strength reduction for borehole stability analysis. A series of mechanical tests were conducted on both the traditionally and newly reconstituted coal samples under two different experimental stress paths, including conventional uniaxial/triaxial compression and triaxial compression with confining pressure unloading. The unloading stress path was obtained by analyzing the stress redistribution around a borehole, to capture a more accurate coal mechanical response. According to our experimental results, plastic deformation generated before failure under the unloading stress path is smaller than that generated under the conventional loading stress path. Furthermore, the cohesion of the traditionally and newly reconstituted samples diminishes approximately by 44.77 and 29.66%, respectively, with confining pressure unloading, indicating that there is a significant reduction in coal strength due to confining pressure unloading. The mechanism for unloading-induced coal strength reduction comes from confining pressure unloading-induced increase in shear stress on the fracture surface and a decrease in shear strength. This effect increases the shear slipping potential, whose driving force generates tension fractures at both ends of the preexisting fractures.     

Reconstruction of the climate in the Tianmu Mountain area,Zhejiang Province,in the last 160 years by σ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C sequence of tree ring α-cellulose

Based on cross-dating tree rings from the Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, the tree rings α-cellulose σ¹³C time series was measured. By spectrum analysis, the variation of tree-ring σ¹³C sequence shows a quasi periodicity of 4.4 years, which is coincident with the standard cycle of El Niño. After removing the long-term decrease trend of the σ¹³C variation related to atmospheric CO₂ concentration, the response of the σ¹³C to climate elements was analyzed using meteorology data from a nearby weather station. The results suggest that there is a distinct relativity between high-frequency variation of tree ring σ¹³C series and seasonal climate parameters, e.g. temperature and precipitation, with a significant time-lag effect. In addition, the high frequency also reflects the strength change of the East Asian Monsoon. The multiple regression method was employed to reconstruct the historical climate, and to analyze the climate change and trend in the last 160 years in the northern Zhejiang Province.     

湖北经济的空间结构及发展布局模式

本文论述了区域空间结构的构成要素和形成基础,分析了湖北省经济空间结构的现状、特征,并提出了其经济空间结构发展的模式。     

Limited Consequences of Seagrass Decline on Benthic Macrofauna and Associated Biotic Indicators

Marine phanerogams are ecosystem engineers, as their presence induces major environmental changes that impact on the benthic fauna. Consequently, modifications to the structure of benthic communities would be expected to be associated with seagrass decline. Since 2005, Zostera noltii seagrass beds in Arcachon Bay (France), the largest in Europe, have undergone a severe decline. Twelve stations distributed throughout the lagoon were sampled in 2002, and all were found to be densely planted at that time. Subsequently, the same stations were revisited in 2010 and seagrass cover had drastically decreased by that time. Based on benthic macrofauna, multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis identified four groups. Years were separated. In 2002, two groups were distinct in relation to the water body, since in 2010 separation between the two other groups was related to seagrass occurrence. When looking at community structure and dominant species there were moderate differences within and between years, independent of seagrass decline. Seagrass loss did not drastically modify the species composition as they were preserved in the remaining seagrass patches. However, there was a drop in macrofauna abundance in unvegetated muddy compared with abundance in the remaining seagrass areas. Epifauna was particularly affected by seagrass decline. Among biotic indicators based on macrofauna, multivariate indicator MISS (Macrobenthic Index in Sheltered Systems) was in agreement with the similarity of macrofauna structure among groups, while other tested indicators performed badly in relation to seagrass occurrence. However, no index detected seagrass loss, highlighting the necessity of maintaining a separate survey on seagrass cover.     

Study of diclofenac removal by the application of combined zero-valent iron and calcium peroxide nanoparticles in groundwater

Diclofenac(DCF) is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in groundwater, posing a great threat to the environment and human health due to its toxicity. To mitigate the DCF contamination,experiments on DCF degradation by the combined process of zero-valent iron nanoparticles(nZVI) and nano calcium peroxide(nCaO_2) were performed. A batch experiment was conducted to examine the influence of the adding dosages of both nZVI and nCaO_2 nanoparticles and pH value on the DCF removal.In the meantime, the continuous-flow experiment was done to explore the sustainability of the DCF degradation by jointly adding nZVI/nCaO_2 nanoparticles in the reaction system. The results show that the nZVI/nCaO_2 can effectively remove the DCF in the batch test with only 0.05 g/L nZVI and 0.2 g/L nCaO_2 added, resulting in a removal rate of greater than 90% in a 2-hour reaction with an initial pH of 5. The degradation rate of DCF was positively correlated with the dosage of nCaO_2, and negatively correlated with both nZVI dosage and the initial pH value. The order of significance of the three factors is identified as pH value nZVI dosage nCaO_2 dosage. In the continuous-flow reaction system, the DCF removal rates remained above 75% within 150 minutes at the pH of 5, with the applied dosages of 0.5 g/L for nZVI and 1.0 g/L for nCaO_2. These results provide a theoretical basis for the nZVI/nCaO_2 application to remove DCF in groundwater.     

Experimental study on the effects of the moisture content of bituminous coal on its gas seepage characteristics

Moisture content is the main factor affecting the occurrence and flow of gas in bituminous coal and restricts the gas permeability of the coal seam, which affects the effectiveness of gas extraction from the coal seam directly. In order to study the influence of moisture content on the gas seepage characteristics of bituminous coal, this paper focused on bituminous coal from the Xutuan coal mine and used a bespoke laboratory unit called a Gas Flow and Displacement Testing Apparatus (GFDTA). The moisture content of bituminous coal was measured, and the axial and radial gas seepage experiments of bituminous coal under different moisture content conditions were carried out. The average original moisture content (1.3%) and the average saturated moisture content (2.4%) of the bituminous coal sample were obtained. It was observed that, with the increase of time, the original moisture content of the coal decreased with a negative exponential function and the wetting moisture content increased with an Exponential Association function. The gas axial seepage experimental results showed that when the moisture content was lower, the coal adsorbed CH₄; when the moisture content was higher than M_ad, the two fields of gas and liquid are coupled and affect the axial flow of the CH₄, decreasing the moisture content. With higher moisture content, the interaction between the two is more readily evident and the diffusion behavior of the CH₄ has a greater impact on the moisture content. Axial and radial gas seepage experiments, under the same gas pressure, axial pressure, and confining pressure, revealed that with the increase of moisture content, the axial and radial permeability of bituminous coal first increased and then decreased. This phenomenon is analyzed by the water lock effect, the effects of sorption on gas seepage and moisture content on gas adsorption effects. Among them, critical moisture content of approximately 1% exists when the axial and confining pressures are loaded or unloaded at the same time as well as the axial pressure loading or unloading alone. However, the critical moisture content is about 0.5% under confining pressure loading or unloading alone. In addition, in radial seepage experiments, it was observed that the volumetric strain of the coal decreased with the increase in the moisture content.