A solar wind model with the power spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations

A new solar wind model has been developed by including in the model the Alfvénic fluctuation power spectrum equation proposed by Tu et al. (1984). The basic assumptions of the model are as follows: (1) for heliocentric distances r > 10 R _⊙, the radial variation of the power spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations is controlled by the spectrum equation (1), (2) for heliocentric distances r < 10 R _⊙, the radial variation of the fluctuation amplitude is determined by the Alfvén wave WKB solution, (3) no energy cascades from the low-frequency boundary of the Alfvénic fluctuation power spectrum into the fluctuation frequency range, and the energy which cascades from the high-energy boundary of the spectrum into the higher frequency range is transported to heat of the solar wind flow. Some solutions of this model which, on one hand, describe the major properties of the Alfvénic fluctuations and the high-speed flow observed by Helios in the space range between 0.3–1 AU and, on the other hand, are consistent with the observational constraints at the coronal base have been obtained under the following conditions: (1) the spectrum index of the fluctuations is near to -1 for almost the whole frequency range at 10 R _⊙, (2) the particle flux density at 1 AU is not greater than 3 × 10⁸ cm^?2 s^?1, (3) the solution is for spherically-symmetric flow geometry or the solution passes through the outermost of the three critical points of the rapidly diverging flow geometry with f _max = 7. Some solutions passing through the innermost critical point of the rapidly diverging flow geometry with f _max = 7 have been found, however, with too low pressure at the coronal base to compare with the observational constraints. Heat addition or other kind of momentum addition for r < 10 R _⊙ is required to modify this model to yield better agreement with observations. A cascade energy flux function which leads to Kolmogorov power law in the high-frequency range of Alfvénic fluctuations is presented in Appendix A. More detailed discussions about the characteristics, the boundary conditions and the solution of the spectrum equation (1) are given in Appendix B.     

塔里木盆地北部沥青、干酪根Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系及成因演化

Pb、Sr、Nd同位素体系研究表明沥青与寒武纪、奥陶纪地层中的干酪根具有明显的同位素组成差异,表明来自异源。沥青Pb同位素组成具有明显的幔源与壳幔混合特征,而干酪根显示出壳源特征。沥青与干酪根的Nd同位素组成也存在着明显的差别,反映出老地壳源与新地壳源的明显差别。来自柯坪隆起大湾沟沥青的Nd-Sr同位素体系给出了晚元古的相关等时线,年龄分别为872Ma与1195Ma,可能代表了沥青的最早形成年龄。但来自塔北隆起的沥青其Sm-Nd体系显示出介于大湾沟沥青与干酪根之间的混合相关,表明具有壳源与幔源的二元混合成因。Rb-Sr和Pb-Pb等时线趋向和Pb模式年龄还给出加里东期(～440Ma)和印支期(～250Ma)的原油运移与沥青沉淀年龄信息。Nd模式年龄还表明柯坪-阿克苏地区存在太古宙基底(3.2-2.5Ga).塔里木油藏受深断裂控制。     

The position and role of Wuhan City in the regional economic macro-strategies of China

ＴＨＥＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＲＯＬＥＯＦＷＵＨＡＮＣＩＴＹＩＮＴＨＥＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＭＡＣＲＯＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＯＦＣＨＩＮＡ①ＬｉｕＭｉａｏｌｏｎｇ（刘妙龙）ＤｅｐｔａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＧｅｏｉｎｆｏｒｍａ...     

The effect of weathering on pore geometry and compressive strength of selected rock types from Turkey

Weathering processes cause important changes in rock porosity. Besides porosity, distribution of pore sizes is significant for the identification of changes due to rock weathering and its effects on fabric. The formation of secondary porosity in different types of rock taken from different parts of Turkey was examined and the results are presented in this paper. The aim of this study was to observe changes in porosity due to weathering. Effective porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the changes in pore geometry of the rocks. Additionally, the dry density, water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength of the rocks at different weathering stages were determined. Analysis of experimental data showed that microstructure of the rocks in relation to weathering is the main feature, which controls their physical and mechanical properties. The study revealed that fabric characteristics, particularly the pore and fracture geometry are very important characteristics for assessment of the behaviour of weathered rock.     

The mesoscale numerical simulation of the flow field of the Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula

The flow field over Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula in summer and winter is discussed with three-dimensional mesoscale model developed in the University of Virginia and using the representative meteorological data of January and July.Simulation results indicate that the local weather characteristics over the Hainan Island are distinctly influenced by theWuzhi Mountain terrain. The cloudy or rainfall weather over the northeast of the Wuzhi Mountain occurs easily, under proper large-scale conditions of flow, temperature and humidity. while west wind prevails. The overcast or rainfall weather is often induced by strong convection in the afternoon over west of the Hainan Island under easterly prevailing wind.     

全国地质勘查资质管理信息系统的建设与应用

全国地质勘查资质管理信息系统经过多年的建设,逐步建成涵盖地质勘查资质申报、审批发证、分析统计、监督管理和社会化服务为一体的完整的地质勘查资质管理信息化体系.本文详解了全国地质勘查资质管理信息系统的建设背景、建设思路、建设内容、系统功能、建设特点和推广应用情况等,总结了系统建设所取得的成效.     

Pressure enhancement associated with meridional flow in high-speed solar wind: possible evidence for an interplanetary magnetic flux rope

A sizable total-pressure (magnetic pressure plus kinetic pressure) enhancement was found within the high-speed wind stream observed by Helios 2 in 1976 near 0.3 AU. The proton density and temperature and the magnetic magnitude simultaneously increased for about 6 h. This pressure rise was associated with a comparatively large southward now velocity component (with V_z – 100 km · s^–1) and magnetic-field rotation. The pressure enhancement was associated with unusual features in the electron distribution function. It shows a wide angular distribution of electron counting rates in the low-energy (57.8 eV) channel, while previous to the enhancement it exhibits a wide angular distribution of electron count rate in the high-energy (112, 221 and 309 eV) channels, perhaps indicating the mirroring of electrons in the converging field lines of the background magnetic field. These fluid and kinetic phenomena may be explained as resulting from an interplanetary magnetic flux rope which is not fully convected by the flow but moves against the background wind towards the Sun.     

Farmland function evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Processes,patterns and mechanisms

Using counties as the basic analysis unit, this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function (FF) from economic, social, and ecological perspectives. The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights, and the FF indices were calculated for each county. Subsequently, the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution (FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model. At the same time, the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method. The following major conclusions were drawn: (1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010, and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties, while it continuously weakened in developed areas. Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties, whereas some counties, which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou, Yantai, and Weihai, clearly increased. A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing, Tianjin, and Jinan. Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function. (2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions, and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this. The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas, but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas. (3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors. Furthermore, the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems, including the economy, society, and the ecology. According to the results mentioned above, promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture should be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP. Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account, differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

The poverty dynamics in rural China during 2000–2014: A multi-scale analysis based on the poverty gap index

As the largest developing country in the world, China’s rural areas face many poverty- related issues. It is imperative to assess poverty dynamics in a timely and effective manner in China’s rural areas. Therefore, we used the poverty gap index to investigate the poverty dynamics in China’s rural areas during 2000–2014 at the national, contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties and county scales. We found that China made significant achievements in poverty alleviation during 2000–2014. At the national scale, the number of impoverished counties decreased by 1428, a reduction of 97.28%. The rural population in impoverished counties decreased by 493.94 million people or 98.76%. Poverty alleviation was closely associated with economic development, especially with industrial development. Among all 15 socioeconomic indicators, the industrial added value had the highest correlation coefficient with the poverty gap index (r = –0.458, p<0.01). Meanwhile, the inequality of income distribution in the out-of-poverty counties has been aggravated. The urban-rural income gap among the out-of-poverty counties increased by 1.67-fold, and the coefficient of variation in rural per-capita income among the out-of-poverty counties also increased by 9.09%. Thus, we argued that special attention should be paid to reducing income inequality for sustainable development in China’s rural areas.     

GB 50057与GB 50343关于SPD规定对比

建筑物内低压电源系统电涌保护器(SPD)设计和安装等依据的技术规范为GB 50057-2010和GB 50343-2012。由于两个规范对SPD的相关规定存在较大差异,导致防雷工作中SPD设计、安装等标准无法统一。从SPD术语、安装位置、放电电流、级别设置相关条款进行对比分析,发现:1SPD术语仅翻译不同。2GB 50343对SPD安装位置要求较准确;GB 50057关于SPD放电电流的规定更合理。3SPD级别设置的计算方法不同。