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21.
Torsten Sander Philipp Wehner 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):799-819
Today's map navigation software offers more and more functionality. For example, it cannot only route from a start to a destination address, but the user can also specify a number of via destinations that are to be visited along the route. What is not commonly found in the software is the handling of so-called stopover areas. Here the user specifies a sequence of geographic areas and wants the route to lead into or through each of these areas (but he does not actually care where exactly). A modification of the well-known A☆ algorithm that considers convex stopover areas is presented. Algorithmic variants and implementation issues are discussed. Example results on a real-world data set are presented for the case of axis parallel rectangular stopover areas. 相似文献
22.
Large parts of the tidal estuary of river Elbe (Germany) are characterized by regular patterns of sand dunes. They evolve
due to complex sand transport mechanisms and show multi-faceted migration patterns, which are influenced by hydrodynamic boundary
conditions such as runoff and tidal forces. This study aims at increasing the understanding of the way hydrodynamic boundary
conditions influence dune behavior. This is the basis of an effective sediment management as well as an important requirement
for planning offshore structures. From a unique data set of up to six annual bathymetrical multibeam soundings between 1995
and 2010, bedform characteristics and migration rates were processed and analyzed with a set of automated methods. The influence
of river runoff, water levels, current velocities, tidal range, and river depth on characteristics and migration were tested
statistically. The results show that migration is mainly dominated by the incoming flood tide while rates and directions depend
on the amount of runoff originating from the inland catchment. 相似文献
23.
In the night from 8/9 April 2009, shortly after midnight on Maundy Thursday before Easter, several people in Gross Flottbek,
Hamburg, felt unusual strong ground shocks so that some of them left their houses in fear of earthquake shaking. Police and
fire brigade received phone calls of worried residents. A few days later, Internet pages were published where people reported
their observations. On 21 April 2009 at about 8 p.m. local time, a second ground-shaking event was felt. Damage to buildings
or infrastructure did not occur to our knowledge. The Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, installed from 22 April
to 17 May 2009 three temporal seismic stations in the epicentral area. Seismological data from two nearby stations at the
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron at 1 km and the Geophysical Institute at 7 km distance were collected and integrated to the
temporal network. The events occurred above the roof of the shallow Othmarschen Langenfelde salt diapir, in an area known
for active sinkhole formation and previous historic ground-shaking events. The analysis of the seismological data shows that
three shallow micro-earthquakes occurred from 8 to 21 April at a depth of about 100 m, the largest one with a moment magnitude
of about M
W 0.6. Depth location of such shallow events is difficult with standard methods and is here constrained by waveform modeling
of surface waves. Earthquakes occurring in soft sediments within the uppermost 100 m are a rare phenomena and cannot be explained
by standard models. Rupture process in soft sediments differs from those on faults in more competent rock. We discuss the
rupture and source mechanism of the events in the context of previous historic shocks and existing sinkhole and deformation
data. Although the event was weak, the rupture duration of 0.3 s was unusual long. Three possible models for the generation
of repeated ground-shaking events in Gross Flottbek are developed and discussed, implying quit different hazards for subsidence,
ground motion, and sinkhole formation. Our favored model postulates that roof failure occurs in an existing soil cavity beneath
the epicenter at a depth of about 100 m. Other models bearing a smaller geo-hazard cannot be disproved with the data available,
but future geophysical experiments may be planned to resolve this question. 相似文献
24.
During the late Early Cretaceous, the shallow-water domains of the western Tethys are characterized by the widespread deposition
of Urgonian-type carbonates rich in rudists, corals and other oligotrophic, shallow-marine organisms. In the Helvetic Alps,
the Urgonian occurrences have been dated by ammonite biostratigraphy as Late Barremian and Early Aptian. For the more proximal
occurrences in the western Swiss Jura, a recent age model based on bio-, chemo- and sequence stratigraphy has been proposed,
which allows for an improved correlation with the Helvetic counterparts. In order to corroborate the recently proposed age
model for the Jura, a set of well-preserved rhynchonellids collected from five different lithostratigraphical formations and
members (“Marnes bleues d’Hauterive”, “Marnes d’Uttins”, basal marly layers within the “Urgonien Jaune”, “Marnes de la Russille”,
“Urgonien Blanc”) has been analysed for its strontium–isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr). In addition, K–Ar dating was performed on well-preserved glauconite grains from two different levels (“Marnes d’Uttins”
and a basal layer within the “Urgonien Jaune”). The correlation of the Sr–isotope data set with a belemnite-based, ammonite-calibrated
reference curve provides an age model which is coherent with recently published ages based on calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy
and the correlation of trends in chemo- and sequence stratigraphy. K–Ar dating on well-preserved glauconite grains from the
“Marnes d’Uttins” and lowermost part of the “Urgonien Jaune” delivered ages of 127.5 ± 2.3 and 130.7 ± 2.6 Ma, respectively.
Whereas the age of the glauconitic level near the base of the “Urgonien Jaune” is chronostratigraphically meaningful, the
K–Ar age of the “Marnes d’Uttins” appears too young relative to the presently used time scale. This may be related to rejuvenation
of the K–Ar chronometer due to post-depositional Ar loss, most likely during hardground formation. The ages obtained here
confirm the Late Barremian age for the onset of the Urgonian platform, an age which is conform with ages obtained in the Helvetic
Alps and elsewhere along the northern Tethyan margin. 相似文献
25.
Nejib Jemmali Fouad Souissi Emmanuel John M. Carranza Torsten W. Vennemann 《Resource Geology》2013,63(1):27-41
The Pb–Zn deposit at Jebel Ghozlane, in the Nappe zone (northern Tunisia), is hosted by Triassic dolostones and Eocene limestones and is located along faults and a thrust‐sheet boundary. The sulfide mineralization of the deposit consists mainly of galena and sphalerite and occurs as vein, stockwork, breccia, dissemination and replacement ores. Three hydrothermal stages are involved in the formation of the ores: stage I is dominated by celestite‐barite, hydrothermal dolomite DII, colloform sphalerite, and galena I; stage II consist of galena II; and stage III contains calcite. Galena in the deposit yielded average 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.705, 15.667 and 38.734, respectively, suggesting a single upper crustal source reservoir for metals. Trace element data indicate the presence of Zn‐ and As‐free galena and As‐rich galena (with 0.2–0.5% As). Sphalerite contains 0.4% As, 0.7–0.9% Cd and 0.1–1.5% Fe. Microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in celestite shows that the deposit formed from fluids composed of heterogeneous mixtures of saline (19.5 ± 1 wt% NaCl eq.) aqueous solutions sourced from basinal brines, and gaseous CO2‐rich phases bearing low amounts of CH4, N2 and/or H2S, at temperatures of 172 ± 5°C. 相似文献
26.
Brbel Hnisch Torsten Bickert N. Gary Hemming 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,272(1-2):309-318
Here we present the first species-specific study of boron isotopes in the epibenthic foraminifer species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. Coretop samples from a water depth profile from 1000 to 4500 m on the northern flank of the Walvis Ridge are 4.4‰ lower than the values expected, based on calculations of the δ11Bborate of ambient seawater. Similar values for this foraminifer species are presented from ODP site 668B at the Sierra Leone Rise, in the equatorial Atlantic. The consistency between data of the same species suggests the offsets are primary, rather than diagenetic. Glacial C. wuellerstorfi from ODP 668B and Walvis Ridge have boron isotope compositions only slightly different to interglacial samples, that is no larger than + 0.10 pH units, or + 23 µmol kg− 1 in [CO32−] above the reconstructed glacial lysocline, and − 0.07 pH units, or − 14 µmol kg− 1 in [CO32−] below. We use these results to suggest that glacial deep water pH in the Atlantic was similar to interglacial pH. The new data resolve the inconsistency between the previously reported high bottom water pH and the lack of significant carbonate preservation of the glacial deep ocean. 相似文献
27.
T. Neubert M. Rycroft T. Farges E. Blanc O. Chanrion E. Arnone A. Odzimek N. Arnold C.-F. Enell E. Turunen T. Bösinger Á. Mika C. Haldoupis R. J. Steiner O. van der Velde S. Soula P. Berg F. Boberg P. Thejll B. Christiansen M. Ignaccolo M. Füllekrug P. T. Verronen J. Montanya N. Crosby 《Surveys in Geophysics》2008,29(2):71-137
The paper reviews recent advances in studies of electric discharges in the stratosphere and mesosphere above thunderstorms,
and their effects on the atmosphere. The primary focus is on the sprite discharge occurring in the mesosphere, which is the
most commonly observed high altitude discharge by imaging cameras from the ground, but effects on the upper atmosphere by
electromagnetic radiation from lightning are also considered. During the past few years, co-ordinated observations over Southern
Europe have been made of a wide range of parameters related to sprites and their causative thunderstorms. Observations have
been complemented by the modelling of processes ranging from the electric discharge to perturbations of trace gas concentrations
in the upper atmosphere. Observations point to significant energy deposition by sprites in the neutral atmosphere as observed
by infrasound waves detected at up to 1000 km distance, whereas elves and lightning have been shown significantly to affect
ionization and heating of the lower ionosphere/mesosphere. Studies of the thunderstorm systems powering high altitude discharges
show the important role of intracloud (IC) lightning in sprite generation as seen by the first simultaneous observations of
IC activity, sprite activity and broadband, electromagnetic radiation in the VLF range. Simulations of sprite ignition suggest
that, under certain conditions, energetic electrons in the runaway regime are generated in streamer discharges. Such electrons
may be the source of X- and Gamma-rays observed in lightning, thunderstorms and the so-called Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes
(TGFs) observed from space over thunderstorm regions. Model estimates of sprite perturbations to the global atmospheric electric
circuit, trace gas concentrations and atmospheric dynamics suggest significant local perturbations, and possibly significant
meso-scale effects, but negligible global effects. 相似文献
28.
From April to July 2002 we carried out a deployment of 6 ocean bottom seismometers and 4 ocean bottom hydrophones in the North Atlantic south of Iceland. During the deployment period we recorded clear Rayleigh waves from 2 regional and 14 teleseismic earthquakes. This corresponds to a Rayleigh wave detection rate of nearly 92% for events with MW ≥ 6.06.0 and epicentral distance less than 110°, close to detection rate estimates based on noise level variability. We measured Rayleigh wave event-station group dispersion and inter-station phase dispersion for one Mid-Atlantic Ridge event. The group dispersion curve is sensitive to the structure of the North-East Atlantic with an average age of 39 Myr. The phase dispersion curve is sensitive to the structure just south of Iceland (average plate age 33 Myr). Both dispersion curves indicate faster velocities than previously postulated for oceanic plate generated at the Reykjanes Ridge. A grid search approach was used to constrain the range of models fitting the data. The high velocity seismic lid just south of Iceland in the model for the phase dispersion path is slower or thinner than in the group dispersion model, which averages over a larger area and a somewhat older plate age, but the velocities in the low velocity half space are similar. We further consider the residual bathymetry in the experimental area. The residual anomaly decreases by 300–400 m from the Reykjanes Ridge to the 30 Myr old plate south of Iceland. This decrease can be explained by the disappearance of a mantle thermal anomaly associated with the Iceland plume. Both the residual bathymetry and the surface wave data are thus consistent with the notion that the southward spreading of the Icelandic plume is channelised underneath the Reykjanes Ridge and does not spread far outside this channel.Based on the experience from the pilot experiment, we estimate that a minimum recording time of 13–15 months in favourable weather conditions (April–September) is required to record enough data to map the spreading plume with surface waves, and to produce a tomographic image to a depth of 1000 km using body waves. This can be achieved by a continuous deployment of at least 20 months, or by two or three deployments during the spring and summer of consecutive years. 相似文献
29.
30.
Verst Rowena Lieske Wolfgang Baille Wiebke Pulsfort Matthias Wichtmann Torsten 《Acta Geotechnica》2022,17(2):497-510
Acta Geotechnica - The increasing use of polymer solutions as support fluids in pile drilling, diaphragm walling or tunnelling applications demands a more detailed discussion of their penetration... 相似文献