某高层住宅严重歪桩病理事故的补救处理

某高层住宅楼在静压桩施工完成后出现了严重的大量歪桩病理事故,经过认真分析,找出原因,进行补救处理设计和施工,消除了安全隐患,确保了大楼使用寿命。     

青藏高原多年冻土区地表能量收支过程及其对活动层影响的初步分析

基于2005—2016年青藏高原多年冻土区唐古拉和西大滩站的气象、涡动通量以及活动层资料,利用涡动相关法、气象梯度法和SHAW模型等方法探究了气候变化背景下高原多年冻土区地表能量通量变化规律及其对活动层的影响。结果表明：2005—2016年唐古拉和西大滩气温、地气温差有所升高,年降水量、10 cm土壤含水量及风速有所下降。2005年以来唐古拉和西大滩净辐射（R_n ）与感热（H）呈增加趋势,潜热（LE）呈减小趋势,地表土壤热通量（G）变化较小。唐古拉和西大滩地表能量通量季节变化明显,但受海拔、纬度、坡向、土壤冻融过程、降水、下垫面状况等因素的影响,地表能量通量存在区域差异。研究时段内,唐古拉和西大滩地表冻结指数与土壤热通量呈负相关;融化指数、活动层厚度与土壤热通量呈正相关,融化期间土壤热通量积累量与融化深度的变化呈线性增加关系。     

近30年来青藏高原西大滩多年冻土变化

结合1975年已有勘探资料,对青藏高原多年冻土北界西大滩进行了雷达勘探。勘探发现,近30年来青藏高原多年冻土北界发生较大规模的多年冻土退化,多年冻土面积从1975年的160.5 km²退化成现在的141.0 km²,缩小约12%;开始出现多年冻土的最低高程为4 385 m,比1975年升高了25 m。近30年来研究区的气候变化是造成北界多年冻土退化的主要原因。相同气候背景下,多年冻土腹部地温有升高,但在30年尺度上不会发生明显的退化。本次冻土区域调查的结果可为检验冻土－气候关系模型的可靠与否提供依据。     

Simulating the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon by IAP AGCM4.0

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） simulated by IAP AGCM 4.0, the fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model recently developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In general, the model simulates the intraseasonal evolution of the EASM and the related rain belt. Besides, the model also simulates the two northward jumps of the westem Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）, which are closely related to the convective activities in the warm pool region and Rossby wave activities in high latitudes. Nevertheless, some evident biases in the model were found to exist. Due to a stronger WPSH, the model fails to simulate the rain belt in southern China during May and June. Besides, the model simulates a later retreat of the EASM, which is attributed to the overestimated land-sea thermal contrast in August. In particular, the timing of the two northward jumps of the WPSH in the model is not coincident with the observation, with a later jump by two pentads for the first jump and an earlier jump by one pentad for the second, i.e., the interval between the two jumps is shorter than the observation. This bias is mainly ascribed to a shorter oscillating periodicity of convection in the tropical northwestern Pacific.     

青藏高原地气温差变化及空间分布

The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial distribution and time changing tendency have been diagnosed by principal component analysis and power spectral analysis methods. The results show that the values of （Ts-Ta） are the maximum in June and the minimum in December. The first three loading eigenvectors, which reflect the main spatially anomalous structure of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, contain the contrary changing pattern between the northwestern and the southeastern regions, the pattern response of the sea level elevation and the geography, and the pattern response of the distribution of the permafrost. There are four patterns of time evolution including the patterns of monotonous increasing or decreasing trends, the basic stability pattern and the parabola pattern with the minimum value. （Ts-Ta） has a periodic variation about 2 years. According to the spatial distribution of the third loading eigenvectors of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in cold season, the permafrost response region and the seasonal frozen ground response region are identified.     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区土壤热通量参数化方案的优化和检验

土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要分量,其估算方案在研究地表能量平衡研究中必不可少。利用青藏公路沿线5个站点0~20 cm的实测土壤层温、湿度及5 cm土壤热通量资料,以翁笃鸣气候学计算方案为基础建立了优化的5 cm土壤热通量计算方案。通过唐古拉和西大滩两个独立站点的检验结果表明,优化方案的结果相对于原方案有较大的改善,唐古拉和西大滩5 cm土壤热通量均方根误差值分别减小了3.2 W·m^-2和4.8 W·m^-2,而相对误差分别减小了61.9%和36.1%,即新方案能够较好地估算出青藏公路沿线多年冻土区5 cm土壤热通量。使用优化方案模拟了青藏公路沿线11个站点5 cm土壤热通量变化,结果显示,近十年青藏公路沿线土壤热通量呈现出增大的趋势,其中,5 cm土壤热通量增大了近1.0 W·m^-2,而且各观测场的年平均土壤热通量值均大于0.0 W·m^-2,表明就年尺度而言,热量有盈余,盈余热量用于加热下层土壤,引起活动层厚度增加,平均状况下土壤热通量每增大1.0 W·m^-2,活动层厚度增大约21.0 cm。     

Assessment of reanalysis soil moisture products in the permafrost regions of the central of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The long‐term and large‐scale soil moisture (SM) record is important for understanding land atmosphere interactions and their impacts on the weather, climate, and regional ecosystem. SM products are one of the parameters used in some Earth system models, but these records require evaluation before use. The water resources on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) are important to the water security of billions of people in Asia. Therefore, it is necessary to know the SM conditions on the QTP. In this study, the evaluation metrics of multilayer (0–10, 10–40, and 40–100 cm) SM in different reanalysis datasets of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA‐Interim [ERA]), National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System and the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), and China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) are compared with in situ observations at 5 observation sites, which represent alpine meadow, alpine swamp meadow, alpine grassy meadow, alpine desert steppe, and alpine steppe environments during the thawing season from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013, on the QTP. The ERA SM remains constant at approximately 0.2 m³?m^?3 at all observation sites during the entire thawing season. The CLDAS and CFSv2 SM products show similar patterns with those of the in situ SM observations during the thawing season. The CLDAS SM product performs better than the CFSv2 and ERA for all vegetation types except the alpine swamp meadow. The results indicate that the soil texture and land cover types play a more important role than the precipitation to increase the biases of the CLDAS SM product on the QTP.     

青藏高原可可西里卓乃湖溃决出露湖底多年冻土形成过程的监测与模拟

利用可可西里卓乃湖综合监测场获取的气象、地温等数据资料,分析了卓乃湖溃决后出露湖底融区冻土的形成过程。结果表明卓乃湖溃决后的三年时间里,多年冻土下限深度分别达到4.9 m、5.4 m、5.7 m,呈现出不断增长的趋势。利用Lunardini构建的冻土形成过程模型模拟了多年冻土的形成速率和形成过程,并在此基础上初步分析了地表温度和土壤含水量对研究区多年冻土形成速率的影响。模型模拟结果显示研究区多年冻土将继续增长,多年冻土的形成速率呈现先快后慢的增长趋势并最终达到稳定状态。地表温度和土壤含水量是影响多年冻土形成的重要因素。随着温度的降低,多年冻土的形成速率逐渐加快。当地表温度不变时,在多年冻土形成初期,岩土含水量越小,多年冻土的形成速率越快。     

The impact of surface energy exchange on the thawing process of active layer over the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau,China

In this study, we collected radiation and active layer temperature data observed in the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau during the period 2006–2008 in order to analyze the impact of surface energy balance on the thawing process of the active layer. Results show that surface energy exhibits an obvious seasonal variation. The largest values of energy variables including global radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux and surface heat source intensity occur during June and July, while the smallest values occur in November and December. The active layer is generally dominated by an endothermic process. During the freeze–thaw period, the variation process of the active layer temperature is similar to that of surface energy. The seasonal thawing depth is closely related to the process of surface energy exchange. During the thawing period, seasonal thawing depth gradually increases as more solar energy enters the surface. When the surface energy accumulation is 0.0 MJ m^?2 d^?1, the seasonal thawing depth is the smallest. The seasonal thawing depth gradually increases with further accumulation of surface energy. Thus, the variation processes between the surface energy and seasonal thawing depth can be expressed by a power relation. The values of seasonal thawing depth calculated with the empirical relationship provided in this study agree well with the observed values. The relative error between calculated and observed values is less than 12 %. These results show that this empirical relationship can be successfully used to describe the behavior of active layers.