A Condensed Gas-Phase Chemical Model and Its Application

Using the “lumped mechanism” and “counting species” methods, we developed a condensed gas-phase chemical model based on a simplified one. The modified quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) scheme and the error redistribution mass conservation technique are adopted to solve the atmospheric chemistry ki-netic equations. Results show that the condensed model can well simulate concentration variations of gas species such as SO2, NOx, O3, H2O2 and conversion rates of SO2 and NOx, transformation to H2SO4 and HNO3. These results are in good agreement with those from the simplified model, The conversion rates of SO2 and NOx under different initial concentrations and meteorological conditions are computed, and the results can be directly applied to regional acid deposition model.     

全数字化自相关射电频谱仪观测分子谱线成功

鉴于分子天文学对研究银河系结构、恒星诞生和演化、宇宙化学及宇宙生命等方面有极其重要的意义,近年来国内不仅在这个领域的理论研究有迅速发展,而且积极进行着实测手段的建设.其中,用于谱线观测的射电频谱仪先后确定采用的数种技术方案,均已进行研制并已在实验室调测.然而因种种技术上的考虑,原来并没有打算采用国外已广泛使用的全数字化自相关射电频谱仪.     

Simulation of Non-Homogeneous CO_2 and Its Impact on Regional Temperature in East Asia

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth's energy balance. The CO_2 concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO_2 are neglected. To address this issue,a regional climate model(RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO_2 and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO_2 fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air-sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments(one using constant prescribed CO_2 concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO_2 concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO_2 on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO_2 concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO_2 network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO_2 concentrations. Generally, high CO_2 mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO_2 concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of -0.12 W m~(-2) in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO_2 tends to yield a warmer lower troposphere.Surface temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from -4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO_2 have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.     

长三角地区城市O_3和PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析

O_3和PM_(2.5)是影响长三角地区空气质量的主要污染物。利用2016年33个城市大气环境监测站6项污染物的小时浓度及4个省会城市的气象数据进行统计分析,研究了该地区O_3和PM_(2.5)浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:长三角地区O_3年平均浓度为50～73μg·m~(-3),平均为61μg·m~(-3);除芜湖和宣城外,其余31城市均存在不同程度的超标状况,超标率为0.34%～18.86%,平均为5.68%。O_3在5月和9月达到浓度高值;四季O_3日变化均呈单峰型,峰值出现在15∶00,夏季O_3峰值浓度最高值为157μg·m~(-3)。O_3浓度沿海城市整体高于内陆城市;夏季宿迁—淮安—滁州片区O_3污染较重。O_3与NO_2、CO显著负相关,且与NO_2相关性较强;O_3与气温、日照时数显著正相关,与相对湿度、降水呈负相关。PM_(2.5)年平均浓度在25～62μg·m~(-3)范围内,平均为49μg·m~(-3);各城市均出现PM_(2.5)超标,滁州PM_(2.5)超标率最大,为23.91%。PM_(2.5)在3月和12、1月达到浓度峰值;其日变化呈双峰型,09∶00—10∶00和22∶00—23∶00达到峰值。冬季徐州PM_(2.5)浓度最高,为102μg·m~(-3)。PM_(2.5)与NO_2、CO、SO_2、PM_(10)显著正相关,与气温、风速、降水负相关。     

典型大气污染物在不同下垫面上干沉积速率的动态变化及空间分布

利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站微气象站实测的梯度资料和大叶阻力相似沉积模型,计算了农田和森林下垫面大气污染物的干沉积速率,并将此模型嵌套到区域酸性沉降模式系统(RegADMS)中,模拟获得中国地区11种大气污染物干沉积速率的空间分布.结果表明:大气污染物干沉降速率(Vd)有明显的时间变化,物种的干沉积速率一般白天大于晚上,冬春季大于夏秋季节.大气污染物Vd也有明显的空间变化,中国地区SO2、HNO3、NO、NO2、NH3、O3、H2O2、TSP、PM10、SO2-4和NO-3年平均Vd分别为0.35士0.004、1.77±0.01、6.5 ×10-5±2.0×10-7、0.07±0.0007、0.28土0.003、0.20±0.001、0.54±0.002、7.2±0.0005、0.44±0.0005、0.25±0.0005、0.27±0.0008cm s-1.各种下垫面上粒子Vd差别不大,气体污染物在各下垫面上的Vd有所不同,表现为HNO3、NO2、O3的Vd在森林和草原上较大,而SO2、NH3、H2O2的Vd在水面上较大,NO的Vd都很小,且在各种下垫面上差别不大.     

基于极端随机树方法的WRF-CMAQ-MOS模型研究

随着城市化、工业化的快速发展,空气污染已经成为了公众最关注的问题之一。为了提高空气质量预报的准确度,以多尺度空气质量模型（Community Multi-Scale Air Quality,CMAQ）为工具,结合中尺度WRF（Weather Research and Forecast Model）气象预报数据、气象观测数据、污染物浓度观测数据,基于极端随机树方法建立了WRF-CMAQ-MOS（Weather Research and Forecast Model-Community Multi-Scale Air Quality-Model Output Statistics）统计修正模型。结果表明,结合WRF气象预报的CMAQ-MOS方法明显修正了由于模型非客观性产生的模式预报偏差,提高了预报效果。使用线性回归方法不能获得较好的优化效果,选取极端随机树方法和梯度提升回归树方法对模型进行改进和比较,发现极端随机树方法对结合WRF气象要素的CMAQ-MOS模型有较大的提升。针对徐州地区空气质量预报,进一步使用基于极端随机树方法的WRF-CMAQ-MOS模型对2016年1、2、3月的空气质量指数（AQI）及PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、O₃、CO六种污染物优化试验进行验证,发现优化效果最为明显的两种污染物分别是NO₂及O₃,2016年1、2、3月整体相关系数NO₂由0.35升至0.63,O₃由0.39升至0.79,均方根误差NO₂由0.0346减至0.0243 mg/m3,O₃由0.0447减至0.0367 mg/m3。文中发展的WRF-CMAQ-MOS统计修正模型可以有效提升预报精度,在空气质量预报中具有很好的应用前景。      

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.     

安徽闪电分布特征和不稳定条件分析

利用安徽2008—2011年LD-Ⅱ型闪电定位系统资料,以统计方法分析安徽闪电分布特征,发现安徽闪电的发生较为集中在7—8月,闪电极性以负闪为主(约占总闪的93%以上),同时存在南北差异。南部的闪电数和平均电流强度比北部大,但北部正闪比例略高于南部。进一步结合2008—2011年阜阳、安庆两站探空资料,选取了抬升指数、对流有效位能、700~400 hPa平均相对湿度、700 hPa假相当位温、850~500 hPa温差、沙氏指数与K指数7个大气不稳定参数,以两站为中心的0.5个纬距范围内,分析了探空放球时间后6 h内,大气不稳定参数与闪电活动的关系,确定了闪电活动的不稳定参数阀值,为闪电活动预报奠定基础。     

华东典型地区大气硫沉降通量的观测和模拟研究

本文使用中国科学院常熟和鹰潭生态实验站和气象站的观测资料，应用区域酸沉降模式系统（RegADMS）和大叶阻力相似模型来研究华东地区不同下垫面条件上的大气硫沉降问题，定量估计了农田下垫面上大气硫化物的沉降通量。SO2和硫酸盐的干沉降速率使用大叶阻力相似模型来估计，使用与降水量有关的参数化方案来确定湿沉降系数。结果表明，常熟地区农田下垫面的大气硫沉降通量为19．0gm^-2 a^-1，其中干沉降占42％；而位于江西红壤地区的鹰潭站的大气硫沉降通量为10．4gm^-2a^-1，其中干沉降占83％。比较发现，两地硫干沉降通量绝对值相差不大，但其在总沉降通量中所占的份额有较大差异；常熟站的硫湿沉降通量比鹰潭站要大9．23gm^-2a^-1，该差异是由两地污染状况和气象条件的不同造成。华东地区的年硫沉降总量为1．88Mt（1Mt=10^6t），其中72．8％沉降在农田下垫面上。硫沉降中43％是干沉降，57％是湿沉降。     

修正的拉格朗日K模式敏感性分析

本文分析修正的拉格朗日Ｋ模式分别对于混合层高度、风速、化学转化率、湿沉积清除速率、沉积速率、地面粗糙度、温度垂直递减率等参数的敏感性，得出的结果有利于保证对敏感因子的资料搜集和参数化方案的合理设计。