GPS单站定位的误差改正模型研究

GPS单站定位的作业方式、外业组织观测和数据处理等比较简单,同时,由于采用观测值不同、观测时间长短不同、定位模式和数据处理方式不同,其精度可以从毫米级到米级不等,实际应用中以伪距单点定位和精密单点定位为主.GPS单站定位不能通过求差方式来消除或消弱各项误差,为提高其定位精度,必须研究各项误差的改正模型,以便对其进行精细改正.本文用2010年10月31日CHAN站24小时的观测数据,确定各项误差在一天中的影响大小和变化规律,研究结果对精密单点定位的误差研究和GPs定位误差的教学工作等都有参考意义.     

基于两种无人机航拍影像的林窗和林冠提取分析

森林冠层和林窗的结构及其时空变化是理解森林生态系统格局、动态变化过程的重要基础。在当前生物多样性监测倍受关注的契机下,如何以合适的手段准确描述林窗面积、分布等特征,并与森林固定样地监测数据有效地结合,更好地回答群落构建的理论问题,使森林群落物种多样性维持机制得到更全面的认识,是目前亟待解决的问题。以鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20hm2固定监测样地为研究对象,基于不同遥感影像提取方法对其林窗和林冠表层数据进行提取分析。结果表明:基于监督分类的提取方法适合RGB波段航片林窗的提取,在林窗分类中,应首先确定林窗高度、边界木与最小面积,不同分类方法差异主要表现在林冠分类中,林窗分类生产者精度和用户精度表现都较为一致。无人机航拍识别率受地形因素影响较大,在地形复杂林地应按坡度分区域进行飞行以降低误差。相对于地面调查,MD4-1000无人机航片的林窗识别率为98.7%;大疆Phantom4无人机航片的林窗识别率为72.3%,影像后期处理数据量小,同样适用于森林林窗定量研究,符合生态学、林业等从业人员对大型样地林窗长期监测的要求。无人机航拍南亚热带森林物种识别难度较大,基于MD4-1000无人机搭载的高分辨率相机,在地势平缓区域优选的4 hm2样地中可识别林冠表层物种数17种,共2 706个个体。搭载高分辨率无人机在降低飞行高度的基础上可进行部分物种识别。应用无人机近地面遥感对森林固定样地进行林冠监测,可为后期群落构建研究提供数据基础,有望从新的研究角度探讨森林群落物种多样性维持机制。     

GM4磁通门磁力仪秒数据转换及断记报警软件的开发与应用

使用Java编程语言,编写GM4磁通门磁力仪秒数据转换分数据和断记监视软件.秒数据转分数据的方法是,取整分前后45个数据进行高斯滤波,计算得到分钟值,生成的分钟值文件符合geomag软件要求的数据格式.断记监视的方法是,监视实时生成的数据文件字节数是否持续增加,监视H分量观测值是否恒值,避免仪器走直线而不能及时发现,如果事件发生,触发报警.     

Induced seismicity at wujiangdu reservoir,China: a case induced in the karst area

To date 19 cases of reservoir-induced seismicity have been acknowledged in China and 15 of them are associated with karst. The Wujiangdu case is a typical one induced in the karst area. The dam with a height of 165 m is the highest built in a karst area in China. Seismic activity has been successively induced in five reservoir segments seven months after the impoundment in 1979. A temporary seismic network consisting of 8 stations was set up in one of the segments some 40 km upstream from the dam. The results indicate that epicenters were distributed along the immediate banks, composed of karstified carbonate, and focal depths were only several hundred meters. Most of the focal mechanisms were of thrust and normal faulting. It is suggested that karst may be an important factor in inducing seismicity. It can provide an hydraulic connection to change the saturation and pressure and also weak planes for dislocation to induce seismicity.     

Denitrification in Qi'ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang Estuary in China

Samples of sediments and the overlying water were collected in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary (ZE). Denitrification rates, sediment oxygen demand (SOD) , and fluxes of inorganic nitrogen compounds were investigated with N2 flux method, using a self-designed continuous flow through and auto-sampling system. The results indicate that the denitrification rates varied between 222 and 908 μmol/(m2·h) with an average of 499 μmol/(m2·h). During incubation, the sediments absorbed dissolved oxygen in the overlying water with SOD ranging from 300 to 2 363 μmol/(m2·h). The denitrification rates were highly correlated with the SOD (r2 =0.77) regardless of the NO3- + NO2- concentrations in the overlying water, organ- ic carbon contents in sediments and water temperature, suggesting that the SOD was probably the main environ-mental factor controlling the denitrification in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone. There was a net flux of NO3- + NO2-into the sediments from the overlying water. The NH4+ flux from sediments into water as the result of mineraliza-tion was between 12. 3 and 210. 3 μmol/(m2·h) ,which seems limited by both organic carbon content in sedi-ment and dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water.     

Methods Comparison for Microsatellite Marker Development： Different Isolation Methods, Different Yield Efficiency

Microsatellite markers have become one kind of the most important molecular tools used in various researches. A large number of microsatellite markers are required for the whole genome survey in the fields of molecular ecology, quantitative genetics and genomics. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to select several versatile, low-cost, efficient and time- and labor-saving methods to develop a large panel of microsatellite markers. In this study, we used Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) as the target species to compare the efficiency of the five methods derived from three strategies for microsatellite marker development. The results showed that the strategy of constructing small insert genomic DNA library resulted in poor efficiency, while the microsatellite-enriched strategy highly improved the isolation efficiency. Although the mining public database strategy is time- and cost-saving, it is difficult to obtain a large number of microsatellite markers, mainly due to the limited sequence data of non-model species deposited in public databases. Based on the results in this study, we recommend two methods, microsatellite-enriched library construction method and FIASCO-colony hybridization method, for large-scale microsatellite marker development. Both methods were derived from the mi-crosatellite-enriched strategy. The experimental results obtained from Zhikong scallop also provide the reference for microsatellite marker development in other species with large genomes.     

东北地区水稻障碍型低温冷害变化对区域气候增暖的响应

利用东北地区153个气象站1961—2010年逐日气温资料,采用统计学方法分析了水稻障碍型低温冷害的气候变化特征及其对区域气候变暖的响应情况。结果表明,东北大部地区水稻障碍型低温冷害事件呈减少趋势,但区域性较为明显;障碍型低温冷害对关键发育期气温变化响应较为敏感,二者呈显著的负相关关系,表现为气温每升高1 ℃,东北地区冷害减少35个站次。东北地区关键发育期气温均呈上升趋势,但吉林西部地区障碍型冷害却随之增加,分析了关键发育期气温变率和气候变率,将其解释为局地障碍型冷害增加主要受气候变率增大的影响,逐日气温变率对其影响不大。     

震级标度的不一致与震源的复杂性

矩震级标度是从地震矩换算过来的,换算关系中地震应力降与剪切模量估算的不准确会对矩震级标度产生影响.本文利用1976年1月~2006年12月发生在东经75°~135°,北纬15°~55°的M≥5地震的矩震级与面波震级,探讨了应力降与剪切模量的比值Δσ/μ在中国及邻区以及在不同震级下的分布特征.中国大陆及邻区的Δσ/μ值分布较分散,不同地区的Δσ/μ值明显不同,且绝大部分值大于矩震级和地震矩换算关系中使用的全球平均值.对于同一地区不同震级的地震,其Δσ/μ值也不一样,震级大,Δσ/μ值通常也大.研究认为剪切模量和地震应力降的估计对矩震级标度的影响不能忽略.     

Capsizing Probability of Dead Ship Stability in Beam Wind and Wave for Damaged Ship

The International Maritime Organization has developed the second-generation intact stability criteria. Thus, damage stability criteria can be established in the future. In order to identity the capsizing probability of damaged ship under dead ship condition, this paper investigates two methods that can be used to research the capsizing probability in time domain, which mainly focus on the nonlinear righting lever GZ curve solution. One method subjects the influence of damaged tanks on the hull shape down to the wind and wave, and the other method is consistent with the real-time calculation of the GZ curve. On the basis of one degree of freedom rolling equation, the solution is Monte Carlo method, and a damaged fishery bureau vessel is taken as a sample ship. In addition, the results of the time-domain capsizing probability under different loading conditions are compared and analyzed. The relation of GM and heeling angle with the capsizing probability is investigated, and its possible reason is analyzed. On the basis of combining the time-domain flooding process with the capsizing probability calculation, this research aims to lay the foundation for the study of capsizing probability in time domain under dead ship condition, as well as provide technical support for capsizing mechanism of dead ship stability and damage stability criteria establishment in waves.     

多普勒天气雷达风场产品在螺旋度计算中的应用

本文介绍了一种利用新一代天气雷达风场产品VWP计算螺旋度的方法,通过对两次大面积降水个例的螺旋度诊断分析发现,利用VWP风场产品计算的螺旋度具有较高的时间分辨率,大面积降水的螺旋度变化趋势与降水变化趋势比较吻合,螺旋度变化一般提前于降水变化,有2—3 h的提前预报量;螺旋度数值的大小与降水量的大小一般没有明显线性关系;螺旋度可以作为观测雷达站上空风场随高度变化的一个敏感因子;利用VWP风场产品来作为计算螺旋度的风场资料是可行的,比起其它风场资料更适于短时(临近)预报的业务化工作。