Managing rice pests with less chemicals

Losses caused by pests remain an important constraint to achieving high rice yields. Potentials of protecting these losses have stimulated innovations in pesticide development. Today the rice pesticide market is valued at US $ 3.0 billion per year. With reducing land available for rice production and increasing demand for food production, attention is turning towards intensification through higher fertilizer inputs and cropping. Such intensifications may in turn increase pest intensities and demand for more pesticides.A large proportion of insecticide sprays administered by rice farmers in Asia is influenced by misperceptions and overestimations of damages. Most farmers apply their first sprays in the first 40 days after crop establishment to control leaf feeding insects. However, these pests do not occur in sufficiently high densities to cause yield loss. Instead, such early season sprays may contribute towards development of secondary pests, such as the brown planthopper. Strategies to reduce insecticide use need to focus on enhancing naturally occurring biological control and understanding farmers' decision making behavior.Most fungicides used in rice are in the sub-tropical countries, like Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. An important strategy towards reduction in fungicide use is through host plant resistance and gene deployment strategies. With biotechnology, tools may be used to characterize population structures in order to enhance these strategies. Cultural practices, such as rotations, cultivar mixtures, crop mosaics and planting times are being investigated.As cost of labor increases, farmers are likely to resort to using herbicides. The best way to accomplish weed control is the simultanous application of a variety of practices. These will include cultural, mechanical and chemical methods. The potentials of using naturally occurring enemies, such as plant pathogens, and the use of allelopathy are also being explored.     

青藏高原物质东流的岩石层力学背景探讨

利用地表大地热流观测资料、岩石生热率及热导率数据研究了三江和四川盆地 6个地区的岩石层平均温度结构及强度分布。结果表明 ,整个三江地区岩石层温度较高 ,而四川盆地温度较低 ;在岩石层强度分布上 ,四川盆地为高强度区 ,而三江地区则为低强度区 ;整个三江地区构成了一条青藏高原物质东流的低强度通道 ;由于四川盆地高强度块体的阻挡 ,青藏高原向东的物质流在此转向近南向 ,沿三江地区流逸 ;不同岩石层块体的强度差异可能是控制高原物质流动态势的重要力学背景之一。     

A numerical study on 2-D compressive wave propagation in rock masses with a set of joints along the radial direction normal to the joints

An explosion in a borehole or an accidental explosion in a tunnel will generate a two-dimensional (2-D) compressive wave that travels through the surrounding rock mass. For the problem of 2-D compressive wave propagation in a rock mass with parallel joints in the radial direction normal to the joints, parametric studies on the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are performed in universal distinct element code. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength is generalized into a characteristic curve, which can be used as a prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio. The relationship between the maximum rebound ratio and the influence factors is obtained in charts. The charts can be used as a prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio. The proposed prediction models for estimating the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are applied to a field explosion test, Mandai test in Singapore. The minimum possible values of peak particle velocity (PPV) at the monitoring points are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio along the radial direction normal to the joints. On the other hand, the maximum possible values of PPV are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio along the same radial direction. The comparison shows a good agreement between the field-recorded PPVs and the estimated range of PPVs given by the minimum possible PPVs and the maximum possible PPVs at the monitoring points in Mandai test. The good agreement between the estimated and field-recorded values validates the proposed prediction models for estimating peak particle velocity in a rock mass with a set of joints due to application of a compressive wave at the boundary of a tunnel or a borehole.     

利用ARC/INFO进行三维地形模型的建立、处理和动态模拟

介绍了利用 ARC/ INFO建立三维地形模型的方法 ,以及利用其新版本的部分新功能处理三维地形模型、进行动态模拟的方法 ,与以往处理三维模型必须借助外部三维图形开发软件包的方法相比 ,具有高速、灵活、可视性强、支持强大分析功能等优点。形成的三维模型可随时与 ARC/ INFO的其它数据模型交换信息 ,与外部进程实时通讯 ,为使用者提供了二维分析工具所不能提供的信息 ,为开发视景仿真系统等与表面分析、立体显示有关的应用系统提供了强有力的支持。     

岩土工程数值模拟新方法

论述了岩土工程数值模拟的新进展和近年来新出现的数值模拟方法,重点介绍了无网络伽辽金法（ＥＦＧＭ）和数值流形法（ＭＭ）的原理及其在岩土工程中的应用,指出了今后研究的重点方向。     

储层水动力学数值模拟系统的研究及应用

油气在盆地中产生和运移过程中,水动力因素起着重要的控制作用［１］,如何确定这一作用的实际影响,是一个值得研究的问题。通过数学推导,得出储层中的稳态油层和非稳态油层两种情况下的水动力理论模型,并且对水动力圈闭、深度－压力系统和流体势等作出理论模拟,将其用于油气勘探中,结果与实际情况较相符。     

西藏高原地热活动,温泉分布与地球物理场特征

本文根据西藏高原地热活动与温泉分布和各种地球物理场的特征,进行了综合分析与研究,给出了地壳深部要素的统一解释。说明了西藏高原水热分布及其活动原因是由于地壳介质中温度很高,地壳中存在着物质的熔融或部分熔融所致。水热显示是受深部地壳构造与物质运移所制约,其热能是由印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞过程中所产生的热量和岩浆上涌所提供的。     

中国地壳与上地幔的地球物理探测

中国地壳与上地幔的地球物理探测对于全球板块构造和其动力系统的研究有着重要意义。本文论述了爆炸地震、大地电磁测深、重力测量、航空磁测等方面的研究结果和进展,最后提出了地壳与上地幔地球物理探测的任务与展望。     

Three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines in steady currents

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines subject to steady currents. The major emphasis of the investigation is on the scour propagation velocity along the pipeline after the scour initiation. Physical experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline in a water flume of 4 m wide, 2.5 m deep and 50 m long. Local scour depths directly below the model pipeline were measured using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter and flow incident angle (relative to the pipeline) on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline were investigated. It was found that scour propagation velocity generally increases with the increase of Shields parameter but decreases with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocity is proposed and validated against the experimental results.     

Seismic data reconstruction based on iterative linear expansion of thresholds

Based on the compressive sensing,a novel algorithm is proposed to solve reconstruction problem under sparsity assumptions.Instead of estimating the reconstructed data through minimizing the objective function,the authors parameterize the problem as a linear combination of few elementary thresholding functions,which can be solved by calculating the linear weighting coefficients.It is to update the thresholding functions during the process of iteration.The advantage of this method is that the optimization problem only needs to be solved by calculating linear coefficients for each time.With the elementary thresholding functions satisfying certain constraints,a global convergence of the iterative algorithm is guaranteed.The synthetic and the field data results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.