山东5月降水异常环流型及其与海温异常的联系

利用 1981—2019 年 NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和观测降水资料,对山东5月降水多（少）雨年环流特征进行分型,分析前期海温影响大气环流进而影响降水的过程。结果表明：典型多（少）雨年,亚洲中高纬环流呈“－、＋”（“＋、－” ）距平分布,盛行纬（经）向环流,东亚大槽偏弱（强）。前期冬春季黑潮区和热带印度洋海温是影响山东5月降水的关键外强迫因子,黑潮区海温偏暖（冷）时,其上空500 hPa高度场为明显正（负）距平,低层风场呈现异常反气旋（气旋）,山东受异常东南风（偏西风）控制,加强（削弱）了水汽输送, 利于降水偏多（少）。热带印度洋偏暖年,山东地区 500 hPa高度场上表现为西低东高,低层处于异常反气旋后部的东南气流中,这与典型多雨年的环流特征基本一致,印度洋偏冷年对应环流特征与偏暖年大致相反。     

北疆积雪深度和积雪日数的变化趋势

 选取新疆北疆20个站1961-2006年积雪及稳定积雪日数、最大积雪深度资料,同时选择冬季降水量和气温稳定通过0℃以下的日数作为积雪的影响因子,分析了46 a来北疆积雪的变化趋势。结果表明：46 a来最大积雪深度呈显著增加趋势,平均年增长0.8%,其变化与冬季降水量增加有关,呈正相关;积雪日数和稳定积雪日数也呈稍增加趋势,增加主要发生在1960-1980年代,1990年代以来有所减少,其变化与气温稳定通过0℃以下的日数呈显著正相关。     

714C天气雷达接收系统故障分析

本文对714C天气雷达接收系统可能发生的故障及原因进行分析，从而为检修接收系统的故障提供参考。     

IP VPN技术在气象网络建设中的应用

介绍了基于互联网的IP VPN技术的软件实现方式,并结合地市级气象网络的基本情况,探讨了IPVPN的使用。     

南支气流对高原低涡移出高原影响的数值试验

本文在对2000年以来移出青藏高原后活动时间长的高原低涡活动过程,进行对流层中层南支气流对高原低涡移出高原的影响的观测事实分析基础上,通过对2001年6月1～5日索县低涡移出高原活动的数值模拟和试验分析,得出了在高原低涡以南的南支气流减弱或者是没有南风或者是没有南风脉动的影响,会使低涡移出高原的速度减慢,移出高原12小时后减弱消失。低涡以南的南支气流起到了向低涡区输送水汽通量、正涡度平流的作用,提供利于低涡活动持续的条件。从而丰富了高原低涡东移的认识,为高原低涡洪涝暴雨的预报提供了科学依据。     

青藏高原春季地表感热异常对西北地区东部降水变化的影响

利用青藏高原地区代表站点的实测地表热通量数据、JRA-55和NCEP再分析资料以及中国西北地区东部代表站点的降水资料等数据,通过波文比分析、奇异值分析(下称SVD)以及环流场的合成分析等方法,研究了青藏高原地区春季地表加热场异常与同期中国西北地区东部降水变率的关系,结果表明:(1)高原春季波文比值的变化反映出高原地表的非绝热加热中,春季感热加热的贡献较为显著,是高原春季地表加热的主要成分;(2)SVD分析表明,春季高原地表感热的异常与同期中国西北地区东部的降水存在负相关关系,春季高原地表感热增强的年份,中国西北地区东部的春季降水减少;(3)春季地表感热强-弱年的高原周边垂直环流偏差场表明,春季高原地表感热的年际异常增强(减弱)会引起高原周边地区的垂直环流场上升气流的减弱(增强);(4)相对涡度场、位势高度场、风场和水汽通量散度场的合成分析表明,春季高原地表感热偏强的年份,中国西北地区东部对流层高层以正涡度和气流的辐合运动异常为主,中低层以负涡度和辐散下沉运动异常为主,因此中国西北地区东部春季的水汽辐合由低层向高层逐渐减弱,不利于春季降水的发生。     

2℃温升目标下中国排放配额分析

本文以国际社会当前所有主要分配方案为基础,研究了2℃温升目标下中国2011-2050年间排放配额,通过控制变量进一步分析了配额分配对于主要参数设置的敏感性。研究结果表明,在与2℃目标相兼容的RCP2.6路径下,到2050年中国CO₂累计排放配额范围为150～440 Gt CO₂,基于等人均排放的分配方式已经变得最不利于中国。为维护合理的排放权益,在气候谈判中中国必须坚持对历史排放的完整追溯。全球排放路径的设定对中国配额也有着非常显著的影响,当2050年全球配额比2010年排放减少40%～50%时,中国在2℃目标下CO₂累计配额范围为151～474 Gt CO₂,当减少50%～60%时为138～478 Gt CO₂,构成中国配额公平范围下限的方案受排放路径的影响更大。     

Design of agricultural insurance policy for tea tree freezing damage in Zhejiang Province, China

This paper proposes a method to design freezing damage policy-based agricultural insurance contracts for tea trees (an economic crop) in the Zhejiang Province of China, using a weather index. Data of economic losses caused by freezing damage, and the beginning dates of tea plucking (BDTP) from the Agricultural Bureau of each county in Zhejiang Province and tea planters, and meteorological observations were collected to establish the prediction model for BDTP, and to determine the relationship between economic loss rates caused by freezing damage at or before BDTP, and the minimum temperatures for “Wuniuzao,” “Longjing-43,” and “Jiukeng” teas. Based on the information diffusion theoretical model, occurrence probabilities of BDTP from 1 February to 20 April and lower temperatures at different levels are calculated. Then, the insurance premium rates of the three tea tree species can be estimated. Lastly, the tea tree freezing damage insurance contracts are designed, combining the advantages of regional yield-based index insurance and weather-based index insurance.     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

地表反照率的改变影响夏季北非副热带高压的数值模拟

利用 LASG L 9R1 5AGCM设计了两组不同地表反照率的数值试验。通过分析其夏季平均气候的差异来考察地表反照率改变对夏季北非副高的影响。结果表明 ,当北非地表反照率增大时 ,由于地面接收到的净辐射减少 ,地面温度降低 ,底层大气的感热加热减弱 ,抑制了局地的对流和降水 ,相应的对流层中层的凝结加热也减弱。这种中、低层的冷却强迫出高空的异常辐合与低空的异常辐散 ,导致北非地区下沉运动增强 ,从而加强了北非副高。另外 ,这种北非地区的环流异常 ,通过辐散风环流加强了南亚高空的辐散 ,在一定程度上加强了南亚高压。