古代淀粉遗存反映的新石器中期华北平原北部旱作农业发展状况——以河北阳原姜家梁遗址为例

中国北方是以粟（Setaria italica）、黍（Panicum miliaceum）两种作物为主的旱作农业起源地,60多处考古遗址发现的粟类植物大植物遗存或微体植物遗存显示,新石器时代中期华北平原北部粟作农业研究相对单薄。文章利用淀粉粒分析方法,对华北平原北部新石器中期姜家梁遗址房址（7706±77 cal.a B.P.）出土的3件磨盘和3件磨棒表层残留物进行了淀粉粒分析,共提取到128颗来自粟类植物、小麦族（the tribe Triticeae）及块根块茎类植物的淀粉粒。综合利用现代及模拟实验中粟类植物淀粉粒的鉴定标准,6件器物表层残留物中的粟类淀粉粒至少有9.6%具有野生特征（褶皱表面和粗糙边缘）;粟淀粉粒（粒径≥ 16.8 μm）的比例为52.8%。对比周边开展过类似研究的新石器早期河北南庄头（11500~11000 cal.a B.P.）、北京东胡林（11150~9450 cal.a B.P.）和转年（>10000 cal.a B.P.）遗址、新石器中期西辽河地区敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址（8200~7400 a B.P.）、河北磁山遗址（约8000~7000 a B.P.）出土磨盘和磨棒表层残留物中粟类淀粉粒,发现：1）从南庄头遗址到姜家梁遗址具备野生特征粟类植物淀粉粒比例逐渐下降,显示粟类植物不断被驯化;2）姜家梁房址内粟淀粉粒仅比敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址低,比例最低者为转年遗址,该现象可能与粟类淀粉粒样品数量、鉴定指标以及不同时间和地域古人类选择利用植物种类差异等因素相关。本研究为深入了解姜家梁遗址及华北平原北部地区植物利用情况及粟类植物的驯化过程提供了新的证据。

     

不同带宽的防风固沙林流场结构及防风效能风洞实验

林带宽度是防风固沙林建植时要考虑的基本参数,研究不同带宽林带的防护效果对防风固沙林配置及构建具有重要的指导意义。通过风洞模拟实验,在7、10、15 m·s^-1风速条件下,对单行一带（Ⅰ型）、三行一带（Ⅱ型）、六行一带（Ⅲ型）和九行一带（Ⅳ型）共4种带宽的林带的迎风面、带中和背风面的风速进行了测定,分析了4种林带的风速流场、风速加速率和防风效果。结果表明：（1）4种林带流场结构和垂直风速变化规律相似,沿来风向均形成了林带上方和迎风面林缘附近的小范围高风速区及其后的风影区相互组合的流场结构;依据风速垂直变化规律划分为上部变化层（高度30~60 cm,受林带的影响最小）、中间变化层（高度5~20 cm,风速受林冠遮蔽作用,影响最大,且为风影区形成层）和近床面变化层（高度1~3 cm）。（2）4种林带在垂直纵剖面上的平均风速加速率随林带宽度的增大而减小,即Ⅰ型（0.90） > Ⅱ型（0.87） > Ⅲ型（0.79） > Ⅳ型（0.78）。（3）4种林带的防风效果为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型林带相同,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型林带相同,后2种林带的防风效果优于前2种林带,且4种林带的防风效能均随着风速的增大而减小。     

黄河下游引黄区沉沙处理运行方案分析研究*

黄河是多沙性河流,引黄必带进大量泥沙,沉沙池沉粗排细,能有效处理泥沙。当沉沙池淤满,失去自流沉沙作用时,采用"以挖待沉"可以延长灌区运行年限,但没有扬水沉沙方案优越。根据黄河下游地上河的特殊地貌条件,如果能在河漫滩上建沉沙池,可以解决沉沙占地的难题。     

Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

换道概率对交通系统动能的影响

基于跟车模型的特点,提出了跟车模型的动能变化公式,利用该公式研究换道概率对各车辆动能的影响.数值实验结果表明,换道概率和相对速度对各车辆动能产生较大影响,但换道概率和相对速度会分别降低其动能变化频率和幅度.此外,系统增加的平均动能会随着系统最大换道概率的增加而降低.     

Nutrient and chlorophyll a anomaly in red-tide periods of 2003-2008 in Sishili Bay, China

Sishili Bay is the most important aquiculture and tourism area for the city of Yantai, China; however, red tides occurred frequently and have caused huge economic losses in this bay in recent years. To gain a better understanding of the local ecological environments in the bay, we conducted this research between 2003 and 2008 to analyze variations in nutrients and chlorophyll (chl-a) during high frequency red tide period (May to September). The results show that the chl-a concentration increased from 2.70 in 2003 to 7.26 mg/m3 in 2008, while the concentration of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and silicate (SiO3-Si) increased lineally from 5.18 and 1.45 μmol/L in 2003 to 18.57 and 9.52 μmol/L in 2008, respectively, and the annual phosphate (PO4-P) varied between 0.15 and 0.46 μmol/L. Special attention was given to a red tide in August 2007 occurred when water temperature was high and nutrient concentrations increased sharply because of a heavy rainfall. Overall, the results show the P limitation in Sishili Bay, and reveal that red tides were caused by eutrophication from terrestrial inputs and local warm weather, particularly during rainy periods. Therefore, to control red tide, greater efforts should be made to reduce sewage discharges into Sishili Bay, particularly during rainfall seasons.     

基于智慧交通的可达性与交通出行碳排放——理论与实证

信息与通信技术的发展推动了智慧交通建设,并将进一步提高城市交通可达性和影响居民出行。在全球应对气候变化、减少碳排放的共识背景下,由于"智慧交通—可达性—出行行为(碳排放)"间复杂的影响作用机制,已有的研究难以判断智慧化背景下的城市交通可达性提高将增加抑或减少出行碳排放。如何通过提高城市交通可达性来缓解交通拥堵,保障城市交通运输系统的有效运行,并提高居民出行效率,减少出行碳排放是当前中国智慧交通发展面临的关键问题之一。针对以上科学问题,本文尝试提出基于智慧交通的可达性与交通出行碳排放的理论框架,并以广州为研究案例地,研究了社区居民通勤碳排放特征及其影响机理,社区出行低碳指数格局及其影响因素的空间异质性,以及基于碳排放—位置分配模型的公共中心规划支持系统设计与应用,可为今后的相关研究提供借鉴。     

Estimating areal carbon fixation of intertidal macroalgal community based on composition dynamics and laboratory measurements

The community dynamics and potential carbon ?xation of intertidal macroalgae were investigated monthly from April 2014 to April 2015 in the northwest coast of Yellow Sea. Seasonal variations in biomass and carbon ?xation were presented and showed close relationship with community structure.The carbon ?xation rate ranged from 0.48±0.13 mg C/(g FW ·d) to 4.35±0.12 mg C/(g FW ·d). Sargassum thunbergii, Chondrus ocellatus and Ulva intestinalis were three most in?uential species which contributed27%, 21.9% and 18.5% variation of carbon ?xation rate, respectively. Standing carbon stocks ranged from7.52 g C/m~2 to 41.31 g C/m~2, and estimated carbon stocks varied from 11.77 g C/m 2 to 96.49 g C/m~2. The larger dif ference between estimated and standing carbon stocks implied that more ?xed carbon was exported from the community in summer and autumn than in winter. This study suggested that intertidal macroalgal community could provide a potential function in carbon ?xation of coastal ecosystem.     

Near-source noise suppression of AMT by compressive sensing and mathematical morphology filtering

In deep mineral exploration, the acquisition of audio magnetotelluric (AMT) data is severely affected by ambient noise near the observation sites; This near-field noise restricts investigation depths. Mathematical morphological filtering (MMF) proved effective in suppressing large-scale strong and variably shaped noise, typically low-frequency noise, but can not deal with pulse noise of AMT data. We combine compressive sensing and MMF. First, we use MMF to suppress the large-scale strong ambient noise; second, we use the improved orthogonal match pursuit (IOMP) algorithm to remove the residual pulse noise. To remove the noise and protect the useful AMT signal, a redundant dictionary that matches with spikes and is insensitive to the useful signal is designed. Synthetic and field data from the Luzong field suggest that the proposed method suppresses the near-source noise and preserves the signal well; thus, better results are obtained that improve the output of either MMF or IOMP.     

黄海南部野生银鲳和鮸鱼的耳石元素微化学研究

利用电子显微探针元素分析技术(EPMA)对黄海南部野生银鲳和鮸鱼的耳石进行了锶和钙沉积特征的初步分析。定量线分析结果表明,两种鱼类耳石的Sr/Ca之间存在显著的种间差异。银鲳耳石Sr/Ca比,在耳石核心及相邻处为低值区(5.86±0.92);3段Sr/Ca高值区分别为近核心部(7.88±1.28)、第1龄处(9.44±1.82)及耳石边缘(7.91±1.38);揭示银鲳孵化和早期发育应需要盐度适中的生境,当龄鱼在后期的生长中需洄游经过两段高盐生境(其中之一在第1龄时)。鮸鱼耳石Sr/Ca比波动表现为耳石核心处(7.72±0.97)高于其余部分,反映了鮸鱼孵化及初期发育阶段可能生活在高盐度生境,而当龄鱼随后阶段的生长和发育过程则会洄游至盐度有所降低的生境中进行。