Spatial distributions of δ13C, δ15N and C/N ratios in suspended particulate organic matter of a bay under serious anthropogenic influences: Daya Bay,China

Stable isotopic signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and C/N ratios of suspended particulate organic matter (POM) were investigated from the surface water of Daya Bay during summer and winter of 2015. The relatively high δ¹³C_POM values suggested the input of ¹³C-depleted terrigenous organic matter was low in Daya Bay. There were significant correlations between δ¹³C_POM values and chlorophyll a concentrations both during summer and winter, suggesting the δ¹³C_POM values were mainly controlled by the phytoplankton biomass in the surface water. The distribution of δ¹⁵N_POM values was more complicated than that of δ¹³C_POM and displayed low values in the outer bay and the Dan'ao River estuary. ¹⁵N-depleted ammonia originating from industrial wastewater might have strongly influenced the water quality and stable isotopic signatures of POM near the Dan'ao River estuary. The δ¹³C_POM and δ¹⁵N_POM values strongly reflect the influences of anthropogenic activity and eutrophication in Daya Bay.     

Evaluation and potential improvements of WRF/CMAQ in simulating multi-levels air pollution in megacity Shanghai,China

The accuracy of atmospheric numerical model is important for the prediction of urban air pollution. This study investigated and quantified the uncertainties of meteorological and air quality model during multi-levels air pollution periods. We simulated the air quality of megacity Shanghai, China with WRF/CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting model and Community Multiscale Air Quality model) at both non-pollution and heavy-pollution episodes in 2012. The weather prediction model failed to reproduce the surface temperature and wind speed in condition of high aerosol loading. The accuracy of the air quality model showed a clear dropping tendency from good air quality conditions to heavily polluted episodes. The absolute model bias increased significantly from light air pollution to heavy air pollution for SO₂ (from 2 to 14%) and for PM₁₀ (from 1 to 33%) in both urban and suburban sites, for CO in urban sites (from 8 to 48%) and for NO₂ in suburban sites (from 1 to 58%). A test of applying the Urban Canopy Model scheme to the WRF model showed fairly good improvement on predicting the meteorology field, but less significant effect on the air pollutants (6% for SO₂ and 19% for NO₂ decease in model bias found only in urban sites). This study gave clear evidence to the sensitivities of the model performance on the air pollution levels. It is suggested to consider this impact as a source for model bias in the model assessment and make improvement in the model development in the future.     

氮磷比对微囊藻与栅藻磷赋存及分配的影响

太湖水体氮浓度及氮磷比的改变可能影响藻类对磷元素的赋存及分配,进而影响水体总磷浓度.为此,本研究选取常见蓝藻(群体微囊藻和单细胞微囊藻)和绿藻(斜生栅藻),设置低氮磷比(N:P=2)和高氮磷比(N:P=20)培养实验,分析藻体胞内磷(INT-P)和胞外磷(EPS-P)含量、形态及分布,探究氮磷比对藻体磷元素赋存及分配的影响.结果表明:低氮磷比组斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻的藻体磷(CTP,即INT-P与EPS-P之和)显著增加,分别为高氮磷比组的2.7和1.4倍.斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻EPS-P含量(约占CTP的80%)分别增加了3.1和0.48倍,而INT-P含量对氮磷比无明显响应.低氮磷比组的斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻EPS含量分别增加了51.7%和63.5%.此外,微囊藻的CTP与EPS-P主要以可交换态活性磷存在,而INT-P主要以铁铝结合态磷存在.本研究发现低氮磷比促进了藻类EPS分泌,导致EPS-P升高,显著增加了藻体颗粒态磷的含量.这或许是近年来太湖水体总磷波动的原因之一.     

我国低硒带典型景观植物硒的研究

本研究在我国低硒带的东北端和西南端分别选取了针阔叶混交林景观和云南松林景观,并且在低硒带内的克山病和大骨节病非病区与东南非病带选取了落叶阔叶林景观和马尾松林景观为对照景观,系统地采集了上述各不同景观的主要植物和土壤,对硒进行了分析。结果发现,在我国低硒带的东北瑞和西南瑞景观的主要植物含硒量显著地低于对照景观,同时景观内土壤硒也明显地低于划分我国低硒生态景观的阈值,从天然植物的角度进一步对我国低硒带客观存在这一科学论断进行了补充。     

上海地区地面风向对空气污染物浓度的影响

利用2000年6月至2002年12月上海地区空气污染物浓度和地面风向资料，统计了月平均污染物浓度随偏西风频率的分布，两者具有一致的趋势。首要污染物：PM10平均浓度风玫瑰图显示高浓度对应偏西风向的出现，各季节均表现出此特性。由于冬、夏半年主导上海地区的天气系统的不同，分冬半年和夏半年统计了各污染物浓度日变化随风向日变化的均值和标准差，当风向由非西风转为偏西风或连续受偏西风影响时，污染物浓度有所上升，不同污染物间，PM10浓度对地面风向的改变较SO2和NO2更敏感。     

我国业务天气预报发展的若干问题思考

本文着重从我国业务天气预报的现状和国际业务化天气预报技术的发展趋势出发,探讨了业务天气预报发展目前存在问题和对于这些问题的若干思考。并强调了天气预报技术的发展必须和大气探测技术的进步和发展紧密结合,并强调了天气预报技术的发展应主观和客观预报相结合、数值和统计预报相结合。     

一种基于卫星云图定量估计的三维显示方法

对卫星云图进行云地分离、云分类、云高估计等定量计算,并利用这些定量结果,用OpenGL进行三维建模,首先叠加地形,然后以混合的形式实现半透明与非透明云及全透明的地表区别显示,以云顶高估计结果作为云高,高程作为地面高度进行三角网格绘制,最终实现与实际云团基本相一致的三维云图。     

岩土物理化学力学组的回顾与展望

本文首先回顾了岩土物理化学力学组的发展历史,介绍了30年来的研究方向和所取得的科研成果。最后,对今后的发展提出了一些建议。     

Assessment and zonation of regional crustal stability in and around the dam region of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River

 The scale of the Three Georges Project (TGP) on the Yangtze River ensures that it will have enormous social and economic consequences. Determining the safety of the TGP is an essential consideration, and conducting the assessment and zonation of regional crustal stability has a crucial role in determining the success or failure of the TGP in the future. In this paper, the assessment of regional crustal stability, places much emphasis on tectonic stability and the stability of partial foundations (rock and soil masses) and surface slopes (which include landslides, collapses, etc.) related to fracture activity is also taken into consideration. The evaluation and zonation of regional crustal stability was conducted on two scales and scopes: the dam region and the vicinity of the TGP (about 310 000 km²), and the dam region of the TGP (about 30 000 km²). On the basis of tectonic zonation and present crustal stress field analysis, fuzzy mathematics was used to perform quantitative and comprehensive evaluations of crustal stability, and then the zonation of crustal stability in the study region, combined with a theoretical geological study, was made. The results of the assessment and zonation of the crustal stability can be summarized as follows: (1) the general crustal stability of the dam region is in a less stable-stable state and the Sandouping dam site is on a relatively stable landmass; and (2) the Sandouping dam site is on an ancient integrated granite body belonging to a stable (I) landmass. Therefore, from the view of assessment and zonation of regional crustal stability, a large-scale hydropower station can be constructed at Sandouping. Received: 8 September 1995 · Accepted: 25 February 1997     

中国北方沙漠/沙地锆石形态特征及其对物源的指示

单颗粒锆石的形态、颜色等特征记录了其母岩结晶过程的温度、压力、结晶介质的化学性质等信息,鉴定不同沙漠/沙地碎屑锆石的晶体形态特征可以指示沉积物的原岩类型,进而可以帮助追溯物源.本文分析了中国北方塔克拉玛干沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地等6个沙漠/沙地36个地表样品的碎屑锆石形态特征.结果显示,同一沙漠/沙地样品锆石形态特征较为一致,而不同沙漠/沙地样品锆石形态有差异.塔克拉玛干沙漠锆石多为无色或淡紫色,包裹体较少,锆石颗粒锥面较发育,短柱状锆石含量较多,指示该沙漠物质主要来自其北缘天山山脉早中生代碱性花岗岩.巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠锆石形态特征较类似,相比较而言巴丹吉林沙漠锆石多为淡粉色,形态上锥面较发育,较少见到包裹体;而腾格里沙漠锆石颗粒细长柱较多和含包裹体颗粒较多,这两个沙漠物质可能来自其南部中央造山带的变质岩和其北缘中亚造山带早中生代碱性花岗岩.毛乌素沙地多为深色、锥面发育和短柱状颗粒锆石较常见,含包裹体颗粒较多,该沙地物质主要来自其西北孔兹岩带以及北部阴山山脉碱性花岗岩.浑善达克沙地锆石形态似毛乌素沙地,指示其物源与毛乌素沙地类似.科尔沁沙地锆石磨蚀严重,扁柱状锆石颗粒较常见,指示该沙地物质大部分来自其南缘燕山山脉的显生宙浅海沉积岩.本研究表明碎屑锆石形态特征可以指示沙漠或沙地沉积物的源区.