统计方法与淹没模型结合的山洪灾害风险评估方法及其应用

本文针对有水位资料,但没有流量观测的流域,同时又有历史罕见洪水记载、流域断面洪水警戒水位和自动站记载的近年几次小洪水过程,采用统计分析方法确定雨 洪关系,得到致灾临界雨量;再应用淹没模型模拟洪水淹没情况,得到洪水的风险等级评估。通过对历史特大山洪个例的淹没反演,可以看到由数理统计与淹没模型相结合的方法确定出的山洪风险等级,与实际情况基本相符。由于洪水记载和考察资料,往往对洪水淹没的高度记录准确,而对发生的具体时间通常是模糊的,本文得到的临界雨量指标是否能够预见洪水需要实例检验。通过2012年前汛期强降水过程的检验,虽然预警了低风险洪水事件,但是风险发生时间有差异,经过合理调整低风险临界雨量,满足了能够预见洪水的目的。对于其他等级的临界雨量的检验,有待于日后更多的实例,进行合理的调整,逐步完善翠江流域的山洪临界雨量指标。     

一种基于对象和多种特征整合的分类识别方法研究

遥感图像空间分辨率的提高，为目标物的纹理特征和形状特征的提取提供了客观基础，同时也使得传统的基于像元的分类识别方法受到了严重的挑战。因此，需要对传统的方法进行改进或发展新的方法。本文采用面向对象的分析思想，通过图像分割和分割对象的矢量化等一系列的预处理，并在此基础上实现了目标形状信息的提取，最后综合利用光谱特征和形状特征应用模糊分类器实现两种典型的人造目标的分类提取实验。识别的精度评价主要通过目视解译完成。分析表明，形状信息的提取大大丰富了目标识别的特征库，尤其在感兴趣目标与背景物具有相近的光谱反应而形状特征有明显差异的条件下，这种利用光谱与形状特征整合的提取方法能够大大提高目标的识别精度。     

论裸眼井中的“共振纵波”和“共振横波”

一、引言 文献[1]和[2]指出,充流体裸眼井中存在频率确定、波速恒定、且沿传播方向不衰减的“共振纵波”和“共振横波”。本文的目的在于论证并指出,这两种波是不存在的。 二、论证 设一点源位于z=0的井轴上,则井轴上z处的声波频率响应为     

东天山黄山-镜儿泉过铝花岗岩矿物学、地球化学及年代学研究

对东天山黄山-镜儿泉一带黄山南、镜儿泉、图拉尔根沟三个过铝花岗岩作了岩相学、矿物学、地球化学、sr-Nd同位素和锆石U-Pb年代学研究.锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS原位定年测得黄山南岩体结晶年龄为259.9±1.4Ma(MSWD=0.86),图拉尔根沟岩体结晶年龄为275.4±8.3Ma(MSWD=29),均侵位于二叠纪碰撞后伸展环境.三个过铝花岗岩均具有低锶同位素初始比值(Isr=0.6969～0.70396)、高εNd(t)值( 5.5～ 7.2)以及年轻的亏损地幔单阶段模式年龄(tDM=0.48～0.56Ga),表明其岩浆源区均为来源于亏损地幔的新生地壳岩石.这种新生地壳岩石可能为偏酸性的火山岩.三个岩体的矿物学和地球化学可分为两类:一类以黄山南白云母花岗岩为代表,为强过铝花岗岩(A/CNK>1.1),强烈亏损Ba、sr和Ti而富集Cs、Rb和K,具有高的Rb/sr(2.03～14.5)和Al2O3/TiO2(110～1592),低的Nb/Ta(3.24～6.76)比值,其稀土元素配分曲线呈"V"字形,显示强烈铕亏损(Eu/Eu*=0.04～0.55),表明这类岩体的直接源岩以泥质岩为主.另一类以图拉尔根沟二云母花岗岩为代表,为弱过铝(1   

桥墩附近四面体透水框架抛投防冲效果试验研究

分析了目前国内所采用的抛石防护方法和土工织布上加压载防护方法的优缺点,对桥墩冲刷的机理进行了阐述,并且通过模型试验,研究了在桥墩周围抛投四面体透水框架进行防护的防护效果。从而证明了“四面体透水框架抛投防护方法”对桥墩局部冲刷的防护有一定的工程使用价值。     

Numerical analyses of uplift behavior of pile foundation for transmission line structure in frozen soil regions北大核心CSCD

Pile foundation is one of the most commonly used and suitable foundations to support transmission line structure, especially in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. Axial compression is the controlling condition in the design of foundations for such structures as bridges and buildings, while uplift and overturning will control the design of transmission line structure foundations. This paper presents an extensive overview of previous studies including experimental (e. g., laboratory model test and full-scale field load test), analytical/theoretical (e. g., limit equilibrium and limit analysis based on plasticity)and numerical(e. g., finite difference and finite element methods). The review indicates that study on the uplift behavior of pile foundation in frozen soil is relatively limited, particularly in the case of combined effect of axial uplift and lateral loading. Interaction between pile and frozen soil and mechanism of load transfer along the pile shaft and around the pile tip still remain unclear. Therefore, this paper implements finite difference analysis within FLAC3D to investigate the behavior of pile foundation in frozen silty clay and gravelly sand under axial uplift behavior and the effect of ground condition and lateral loading on the uplift behavior. Because of the axisymmetric condition of the problem studied, only half of the model is simulated. The chosen domain of the medium is discretized into a set of quadrilateral elements and the pile is discretized by the cylinder element. The interaction between the soil and pile is considered according to interface elements. Mohr-Coulomb criterion is adopted to model the soil behavior (perfectly elastic-plastic), while the pile is simply considered as a rigid body. The soil parameters such as Young’s modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle used for numerical analyses are determined by laboratory tests and estimated according to the empirical correlations with in-situ tests. The present numerical modeling is verified with the results from field loading tests on pile foundations in Qinghai-Tibet ±550 kV transmission line project. On this basis, parametric studies are carried out to uncover the behavior of pile in frozen soil. It is observed that pullout is the dominant failure mechanism of pile and the uplift load-displacement curve clearly exhibits an asymptote, consisting of initially linear elastic, nonlinear transition, and finally linear regions. These results are consistent with the observations in a few previous studies. In addition, larger uplift capacity of pile foundation in freezing period and gravelly sand is gained (about 20%). Lateral loading increases the deflection and therefore, decreases the uplift capacity of pile foundation. For the convenience of using the results obtained in practice, the values of uplift factor for pile foundation in silty clay and gravelly sand are provided. Finally, it should be noted that the method used, and the results obtained in the current work could be useful for engineers and designers, at least providing them some qualitative evidence for pile design in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. This is important and necessary to ensure the safety of construction in such regions. Meanwhile, numerical analyses in the current work can be a benchmark example for subsequent research studies. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔1200米构造柱及变形构造初步解析

在利用成象测井资料准确地恢复岩心空间位置的基础上，建立了位于江苏省东海县毛北村的中国大陆科学钻探主孔岩心1200m精细构造柱。划分了由榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩组成的第一岩性-构造单元及由副片麻岩夹榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩透镜体组成的第二岩性-构造单元，自上而下岩石的面理产状由向东陡倾变为向南东缓倾。第一岩性-构造单元的榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩是毛北榴辉岩杂岩体的组成部分，在榴辉岩中发现以南北向拉伸线理及由北往南的剪切指向为特征的超高压变质岩早期变形举止。位于第二岩性一构造单元下部(770-1130m深度)300多米厚的韧性剪切带是地表出露的毛北韧性剪切带在孔下的延伸，剪切应变及石英组构分析表明，在伴随的退变质角闪岩相一绿帘角闪岩相一绿片岩相的转换过程中，剪切应变由自SE往NW的“逆冲”转为NW向SE的正向滑移。结合钻孔围区地质，重塑了上部由毛北榴辉岩杂岩体与副片麻岩围岩组成的轴面向SE倾斜的同斜倒转褶皱系，以及下部为韧性剪切带的构造模型。钻孔验证了VSP地震反射剖面中850-1200m深度的强反射层与韧性剪切带相吻合。结合苏鲁超高压变质地体的折返构造的研究，提出该构造模型的成因与折返阶段超高压变质地体的斜向上的挤出及后折返阶段的穹隆形成有关。     

东天山图拉尔根大型铜镍矿区两个镁铁-超镁铁岩体的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

图拉尔根铜镍矿位于新疆黄山-镜儿泉铜镍矿带东段,其发现和探明是近年来该区带找矿的重大突破。矿区内分布有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号3个小岩体,其中Ⅰ号岩体含矿性最佳,勘查程度也最高。Ⅰ号杂岩体为一同构造基性-超基性杂岩体,具有典型的环带状岩相分带结构。图拉尔根Ⅰ号岩体的辉长岩单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb精确定年结果为300.5±3.2Ma,而Ⅱ号岩体锆石SIMS U-Pb精确定年结果为357.5±2.5Ma,明显早于Ⅰ号岩体。Ⅰ号岩体成岩时代为晚石炭世-早二叠世,与东天山地区大多数镁铁-超镁铁岩体的形成时代相近,而Ⅱ号岩体时代为早石炭世,表明二者不是同期岩浆活动的产物,其形成背景与东天山早二叠世大规模成矿期的碰撞后伸展背景形成的基性-超基性侵入岩体不同。稀土元素及微量元素分析表明,两个岩体的轻重稀土分异明显,都为向右倾的轻稀土富集型配分模式,具负的Nb、Ta异常。但Ⅱ号岩体的斜率高于Ⅰ号岩体。Ⅰ号岩体富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Th轻微亏损,高场强元素Zr、Hf呈正异常,而Ⅱ号岩体明显亏损Rb,富集Ba,同时有Sr的正异常和Zr、Hf的明显负异常。Ⅰ号岩体微量元素具有Nb、Ta相对于Th、La亏损,Ba、Th、U含量高的特点,表现出地壳物质混染的特征。Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体目前所见均以辉长岩为主体岩石类型,含矿性较差。Ⅱ号岩体和Ⅰ号岩体微量元素富集特征不一致,也显示这两个岩体的母岩浆性质可能不尽相同,但两个岩体的微量元素特征都显示出遭受了一定程度的地壳混染,这对成矿是有利的。由于Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体发育有高磁、高重力和低阻异常,我们尚不能排除其深部产出矿化的可能性,有必要开展进一步的勘查评价。图拉尔根两个镁铁-超镁铁岩体的最新定年结果,将东天山地区与铜镍硫化物矿床相伴的镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆活动时限提前了10Ma,为在该区进一步找矿提供了年代学依据。     

复杂应力路径下大理岩三轴渗透试验研究

在隧道施工过程中,围岩的应力条件非常复杂,研究复杂应力路径下围岩渗透性能的变化规律对在高水压地区修建隧道具有重要意义。以锦屏水电枢纽二级电站交通辅助洞大理岩为研究对象,进行了常规三轴渗透试验与控制轴向应变（简称应变 ）、围压先升后降的三轴渗透试验,探讨了轴压与围压之差的绝对值 （简称应力差）与渗透率的关系。试验结果表明: (1)常规渗透试验大理岩渗透率的变化过程有3个重要的特征点：渗透率最低点、渗透率峰值点以及渗透率稳定点;(2)大理岩的渗透率随着应力差的增大而减小,两者呈负指数关系;(3)对某一固定的应力差,升围压阶段测得的渗透率大于降围压阶段测得的渗透率;(4)对任何试验岩样总存在一阈值,当应力差小于该值时,应力差的改变对渗透率有显著影响;(5)应力差减小过程中岩样渗透率的“恢复能力”随着岩样轴向应变的增大而逐渐减弱。     

The interaction between surface water and groundwater and its effect on water quality in the Second Songhua River basin,northeast China

The relationship between surface water and groundwater not only influences the water quantity, but also affects the water quality. The stable isotopes (δD, δ ¹⁸O) and hydrochemical compositions in water samples were analysed in the Second Songhua River basin. The deep groundwater is mainly recharged from shallow groundwater in the middle and upper reaches. The shallow groundwater is discharged to rivers in the downstream. The runoff from upper reaches mainly contributed the river flow in the downstream. The CCME WQI indicated that the quality of surface water and groundwater was ‘Fair’. The mixing process between surface water and groundwater was simulated by the PHREEQC code with the results from the stable isotopes. The interaction between surface water and groundwater influences the composition of ions in the mixing water, and further affects the water quality with other factors.