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321.
322.
Katja Ruschel Lutz Nasdala Andreas Kronz John M. Hanchar Daniel M. T?bbens Radek ?koda Friedrich Finger Andreas M?ller 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,105(1-2):41-55
This study addresses whether Raman spectra can be used to estimate the degree of accumulated radiation damage in monazite-(Ce) samples whose chemical composition was previously determined. Our results indicate that the degree of disorder in monazite–(Ce), as observed from increasing Raman band broadening, generally depends on both the structural state (i.e., radiation damage) and the chemical composition (i.e., incorporation of non-formula elements). The chemical effects were studied on synthetic orthophosphates grown using the Li-Mo flux method, and non radiation-damaged analogues of the naturally radiation-damaged monazite–(Ce) samples, produced by dry annealing. We found that the “chemical” Raman-band broadening of natural monazite–(Ce) can be predicted by the empirical formula, $$ {\hbox{FWHM}} {\hbox{[c}}{{\hbox{m}}^{ - {1}}}{]} = {3}{.95} + {26}{.66} \times {\hbox{(Th}} + {\hbox{U}} + {\hbox{Ca}} + {\hbox{Pb)}} {\hbox{[apfu]}} $$ where, FWHM = full width at half maximum of the main Raman band of monazite–(Ce) (i.e., the symmetric PO4 stretching near 970?cm?1), and (Th+U+Ca+Pb) = sum of the four elements in apfu (atoms per formula unit). Provided the chemical composition of a natural monazite–(Ce) is known, this “chemical band broadening” can be used to estimate the degree of structural radiation damage from the observed FWHM of the ν1(PO4) band of that particular sample using Raman spectroscopy. Our annealing studies on a wide range of monazite–(Ce) reference materials and other monazite–(Ce) samples confirmed that this mineral virtually never becomes highly radiation damaged. Potential advantages and the practical use of the proposed method in the Earth sciences are discussed. 相似文献
323.
Yu. N. Zanin G. M. Pisareva A. G. Zamirailova V. G. Eder 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2009,44(3):267-269
Weathering of pyrite in the core recovered from black shales of the Bazhenovo Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) in the West Siberian marine basin promoted the successive formation of melanterite (FeSO4 · 7H2O) and szomolnokite (FeSO4 · H2O). Szomolnokite was detected in West Siberia for the first time. 相似文献
324.
D. K. Uan I. T. Yeom P. Arulazhagan J. Rajesh Banu 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(3):495-502
Excess sludge disposal is one of the serious challenges in biological wastewater treatment. Reduction of sludge production would be an ideal way to solve sludge-associated problems rather than the post-treatment of the sludge produced. In this study, a new wastewater treatment process combining anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system with thermochemical sludge pretreatment was tested in a laboratory scale experiment. In this study, the effects of the sludge pretreatment on the excess sludge production in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic were investigated. The system was operated in two Runs (1 and 2). In Run 1, the system was operated as a reference and in Run 2, a part of the mixed liquid was pretreated thermochemically and was returned to the bioreactor. The average solubilization efficiency of pretreated sludge was found to be about 35 % during the study period of 220 days. Sludge production rate in Run 2 was less than that in Run 1 by about 52 %. Total phosphorous was removed by enhanced biological phosphorous removal with the removal efficiency of 83–87 % and 81–83 % for Run 1 and Run 2, respectively. Total nitrogen removal in Run 2 (79–82 %) was slightly higher than that in Run 1 (68–75 %). The mixed liquor suspended solids/mixed liquor volatile suspended solids ratio was identical after both runs in the range 78–83 %. The effluent water qualities were not significantly affected when operated with thermochemical pretreatment at pH 11 and 60 °C for 3 h during 7 months. From the present study it is concluded that thermochemical sludge pretreatment of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process plays an important role in reduction of sludge production. 相似文献
325.
Summary Lovozero, the largest of the world’s layered peralkaline intrusions, includes gigantic deposits of Nb + REE-loparite ore.
Loparite, (Na,Ce,Ca)2(Ti,Nb)2O6, became a cumulus phase after crystallisation of about 35% of the ‘Differentiated Complex’, and its compositional evolution
has been investigated through a 2.35 km section of the intrusion. The composition of the cumulus loparite changes systematically
upwards through the intrusion with an increase in Na, Sr, Nb and Th and decrease in REE and Ti. This main trend of loparite
evolution records differentiation of the peralkaline magma through crystallisation of 1600 m of the intrusion. The formation
of the loparite ores was the result of several factors including the chemical evolution of the highly alkaline magma and mechanical
accumulation of loparite at the base of a convecting unit. At later stages of evolution, when concentrations of alkalis and
volatiles reached very high levels, loparite reacted with the residual melt to form a variety of minerals including barytolamprophyllite,
lomonosovite, steenstrupine-(Ce), vuonnemite, nordite, nenadkevichite, REE, Sr-rich apatite, vitusite-(Ce), mosandrite, monazite-(Ce),
cerite and Ba, Si-rich belovite. The absence of loparite ore in the “Eudialyte complex” is likely to be a result of the wide
crystallisation field of lamprophyllite, which here became a cumulus phase.
Received November 6, 2000; revised version accepted January 18, 2001 相似文献
326.
I. S. Krassivskaya E. V. Sharkov N. S. Bortnikov A. V. Chistyakov N. V. Trubkin T. I. Golovanova 《Petrology》2010,18(3):263-277
Altered variolites described for the first time in the axial zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are represented by rounded globules
of andesite (icelandite) composition with light trachyandesite rim embedded in a picrobasaltic matrix. The globules were transferred
with picrobasaltic melt and then floated to the surface of lava flow, while formation of leucocratic rims was presumably related
to thermodiffusion (Soret effect) in a cooling heterogeneous melt. This heterogeneous melt was formed by penetration of ascending
column of picrobasaltic magma in already existing small intracructsal magmatic chamber filled with residual icelanditetype
andesite melt and involvement of the latter into a general upward movement. The rapid ascent of the melts in the oceanic spreading
zones by means of turbulent flowing caused dispersion of the extragenous melt into small drops in a jet of picrobasaltic magma,
without their interaction. Variolites were formed during cooling of such heterogeneous lava flow. No signs of liquid immiscibility
were found in the studied variolites. 相似文献
327.
328.
329.
330.
I. Yu. Melekestseva V. A. Kotlyarov P. V. Khvorov V. N. Ivanov V. E. Beltenev I. G. Dobretsova 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2010,52(8):800-810
The porous fine-grained to microcrystalline copper-zinc ore of the Semenov-2 hydrothermal field, a site in the Semenov hydrothermal
cluster discovered in 2007 (13°31′N, MAR), is anomalously enriched in Au (22–188 ppm) and Ag (127–1787 ppm). Chalcopyrite,
isocubanite, würtzite, and opal are major minerals; sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, and covellite are auxiliary; and galena,
pyrrhotite, native gold, silver telluride, barite, and aragonite are sporadic. Gold containing 0.31 to 23.07 wt % Ag occurs
as up to 9-μm-sized subhedral, dendritelike, and elongated grains mostly hosted in opal and less frequently in sphalerite
and in pores within isocubanite-chalcopyrite aggregate. An elongated grain (2 × 4 μm in size) of the Ag-Te phase was found
in a pore. So far only basalts have been dredged from the Semenov-2 field, but anomalous gold and silver concentrations suggest
the influence of ultramafic rocks; the latter were found 1.5 km westward, in the Semenov-1 hydrothermal field. Mineral assemblage
and morphology of gold particles indicate its primary origin in contrast to the hydrothermal fields hosted in basalts, where
gold is a product of remobilization. Zonal gold grains, found on oceanic floor for the first time, are characterized by low
Ag content in the cores and high Ag content in the outer rims, reflecting variation in formation conditions. 相似文献