Robust estimation for correlated observations: two local sensitivity-based downweighting strategies

An iterative robust estimation procedure for correlated observations is proposed, in which the a-prior correlation coefficient matrix is not updated to alleviate the computational burden. Selection of the downweighting strategy plays a key role in the proposed method. Two local sensitivity-based strategies, one is based on the uniformly most powerful test statistics, the other is based on the standardized least squares residuals, are developed and analyzed. Monte Carlo simulations in the GPS network adjustment scenario demonstrate that, the two strategies can provide a certain resistance against the deteriorating effect of outlying observations on the parameter estimates; the former downweighting strategy is superior to the latter one, both in terms of robustness and computational efficiency.     

贵州喀斯特石漠化防治的国家重点生态功能区生态系统健康度评价

文章以桂黔滇喀斯特石漠化防治的国家重点生态功能区贵州区为研究对象,以2010、2015年遥感影像、基础地理信息、降水、土壤等数据资料为基础,集成3S技术和生态评估模型,对水源涵养、土壤侵蚀和石漠化进行定量和定位研究。结果表明:研究区4个亚区的水源涵养功能等级处于“中”、“高”等水平,2015年比2010年的水源涵养指数有所提高;威宁—赫章区、关岭—镇宁区和册亨—望谟区3个亚区的土壤侵蚀模数较大,水土保持功能等级处于“低”等,罗甸—平塘区的土壤侵蚀模数最低,其水土保持功能等级为“中”等;威宁—赫章区2010年中度以上石漠化比重达16.36%,2015年降为8.74%,生态系统健康度从“低”转为“中”;关岭—镇宁2010年和2015年中度以上石漠化比重分别为8.64%和4.49%,生态系统健康度从“中”转化“高”;册亨—望谟和罗甸—平塘的健康度均为“高”,2015年相比2010年均有所提升;4个亚区的石漠化恶化面积所占比重均不到1.00%,石漠化好转区域分别占27.00%、14.10%、10.24%和5.13%,石漠化得到了有效遏制。今后应继续因地制宜,恢复植被和生态系统,巩固和扩大石漠化防治成果。      

A three-point method for estimating wave reflection of obliquely incident waves over a sloping bottom

A three-point method for estimating wave reflection is proposed to account for monochromatic oblique incident waves propagating over a sloping beach. The amplitudes of reflected wave and incident wave are separated using wave amplitudes measured at three fixed wave gauges with a distance. The applicability of the theory is verified by comparing the simulated results with the available theoretical, numerical and experimental results for the estimation of wave reflection. The sensitivity is also tested to provide a more accurate prediction of the reflection coefficient.     

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用拟准检定法和岭估计解算病态污染方程

针对法方程呈现病态且观测值受到污染而不严格服从正态分布的情况 ,探讨运用拟准检定法抗御粗差 ,用岭估计改善法方程的病态性。拟准检定法是根据真误差与观测值的确定关系式 RΔ =- RL求解真误差估值Δ。在 A或 ATA病态的情况下 ,直接求 R是不稳定的。对 A作奇异值分解计算 R,可避免对病态矩阵直接求逆。由于 R是秩亏的 ,通过附加“拟准观测真误差估值范数极小”的条件来求解真误差估值。拟准检定法与岭估计两者的结合 ,一般情况下有效地剔除了粗差 ,而且改善了方程的病态性 ,计算简单、快捷 ,结果比较理想。     

Simulating typhoon waves by SWAN wave model in coastal waters of Taiwan

The SWAN wave model is typically designed for wave simulations in the near-shore region and thus is selected for evaluating its applicability on typhoon waves in the coastal waters around Taiwan Island. Numerical calculations on processes of wave heights and periods during the passages of four representative typhoons are compared with measured data from field wave stations on both east and west coasts. The results have shown that waves due to typhoons of paths 2, 3 and 4 can be reasonably simulated on east coastal waters. However, discrepancies increase for the simulated results on west coastal waters because the island's central mountains partly damage the cyclonic structures of the passing-over typhoons. It is also found that the included nested grid scheme in SWAN could improve the accuracy of simulations in coastal waters to facilitate further engineering practices.