Large‐scale seismic tests of tall concrete bridge columns with precast segmental construction

Past experimental studies have shown that existing precast segmental concrete bridge columns possess unsatisfactory hysteretic energy dissipation capacity, which is an undesirable feature for applications in seismic regions. In this research, we propose new methods of precast segment construction for tall concrete bridge columns to enhance the columns' hysteretic energy dissipation capacity and lateral strength. This is accomplished by adding bonded mild steel reinforcing bars across the segment joints, strengthening the joint at the base of the column and increasing the height of the base segment (hinge segment). Four large‐scale column specimens were fabricated and tested with lateral cyclic loading in the laboratory. Each specimen consisted of a foundation and 9 or 10 precast column segments. Test results of specimens with the proposed design concepts showed ductile behavior and satisfactory hysteretic energy dissipation capacity. In addition to the experimental study, an analytical study using the finite element method was conducted to understand the bond conditions, strain contours and deformation patterns of the specimens tested. Good agreement was found between the experimental observations and the results of the calibrated analytical study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fossil gastropods from the MGS3 stratigraphic segment in the Salawusu River Valley and their climatic and environmental implications

Contemporaneous with MIS3, the MGS3 segment of the Milanggouwan stratigraphic section in the Salawusu River Valley, Mu Us Desert, China contains fossil gastropods (terrestrial and freshwater snails) in strata 33LS, 35LS, 37FL and 39LS. Examination of these fossils revealed 11 species belonging to 8 families and 10 genera. They can be classified as: (1) assemblage of Gyraulus and Galba mainly consisting of Gyraulus convexiusculus, Gyraulus sibiricus, Galba pervia and Galba superegra Gredler, etc. (2) assemblage of Vallonia mainly consisting of terrestrial snails, such as Vallonia patens, Pupilla muscorum and Discus paupe, etc. Based on the dating results, and the living habits, living conditions, and geographic distribution of their extant species, we suggest that: the ages of 33LS, 35LS, 37FL, and 39LS are 26000, 29000, 33000 and 38000 a, respectively, corresponding well to the interstadial period in GRIP 4, 5, 6 and 10 in terms of chronology and climatic characters; 33LS, 35LS and 39LS represent very warm-humid periods, while 37FL represents a less warm-humid period; the four periods of climatic fluctuations recorded in MGS3 were related to the strong impact of the summer monsoon in East Asia in Mu Us Desert of China during the interstadial of MIS3 on a global climatic background.     

海带雄配子体单性生殖叶状体的特性

海带雄配子体经单个分离培养,长成丝状体细胞,这些细胞体积逐渐增大,由单性生殖直接发育成叶状体.这种叶状体的畸形率达93 3%,将叶状体养殖在海上,能长成大海带,但它们都不能成熟.这些叶状体在同一克隆遗传特性十分一致,不同克隆则存在明显差异.     

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Local scour and the laws of scour pit’s shape downstream of debris flow sabo dam

The erosion shape and the law of development of debris flow sabo dam downstream is a weak part in the study on debris flow erosion. The shape and development of scour pit have an important effect on the stability and safety of debris flow sabo dam, which determines the foundational depth of the dam and the design of protective measures downstream. Study on the scouring law of sabo dam downstream can evaluate the erosion range and reasonably arrange auxiliary protective engineering. Therefore, a series of flume experiments are carried out including different debris flow characteristics （density is varying from 1.5 t/m3 to 2.1 t/m~） and different gully longitudinal slopes. The result shows that the scour pit appears as an oval shape in a plane and deep in the middle while superficial at the ends in the longitudinal section, the position of the maximum depth point moves towards downstream with an increase of flume slope angle. The maximum depth of scour pit is mainly affected by the longitudinal slope of gully, density of debris flow, and the characteristics of gully composition （particle size and the viscosity of soil）. The result also indicates that the viscosity of soil will weaken the erosion extent. The interior slopes of scour pit are different between the upstream and the downstream, and the downstream slope is smaller than the upper one. For the viscous and non-viscous sands with the same distribution of gradation, the interior slope of non- viscous sand is smaller than the viscous sand.According to tbe regression analysis on the experimental data, the quantitative relationship between the interior slope of scour pit, slope of repose under water and the longitudinal slope of gully is established and it can be used to calculate the interior slope of scour pit. The results can provide the basis for the parameter design of the debris flow control engineering foundation.     

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A macro-level global seismic damage model considering higher modes

For modal pushover analysis procedures, the model proposed by Ghobarah et al. (called the G model hereafter, 1999) has been extended to account for the contributions of transient higher modes to global seismic damage of structures excited by strong ground motions. The proposed model has physically and perfectly bridged the G model and the final softening model proposed by DiPasquale and Cakmak (1988). Modal damage indexes corresponding to all considered vibration modes are combined by the CQC rule or the SRSS rule. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is performed on three example RC frames to validate the proposed model, and a comprehensive comparison is carried out. The demonstration indicates that the proposed model is easy to implement and reflects the influence of the transition in transient vibration periods and modes on structural damage evolution. Some limitations associated with the proposed model are also addressed. Further experimental validations are needed to improve the model in the future.     

Potential of quartz OSL dating on moraine deposits from eastern Tibetan Plateau using SAR protocol

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods have been widely applied in Quaternary glaciology. However, glacigenic deposits are considered in general as problematic for OSL dating, mainly because they are transported shorter distances prior to burial and are usually partially bleached. Thus, most researchers choose glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments (with relatively longer transportation times) for OSL dating when constraining the age of glaciation. In this study, four samples were collected from a lateral moraine series at Zhuqing Village, northern margin of Queer Shan Mountain, eastern Tibetan Plateau, in order to investigate the applicability of OSL dating for morainic deposits. Quartz grains (38–63 μm) were extracted and measured using single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. Internal checks and dose recovery test show that the SAR protocol is appropriate for equivalent dose (D_e) determination. The effect of thermal transfer is small for all samples and the recycling ratio for each individual sample is close to unity. The symmetry in the D_e distributions indicates that quartz grains were well-bleached prior to burial. OSL ages show good agreement with geomorphological and field investigations, and are also concordant with an independent ESR age. It is concluded that: (a) the morainic deposits in Zhuqing were well-bleached and suitable for OSL dating; (b) SAR protocol can be applied to morainic deposits for samples under study.     

A parametric study of seismic behavior of roller seismic isolation bearings for highway bridges

A roller seismic isolation bearing is proposed for use in highway bridges. The bearing utilizes a rolling mechanism to achieve seismic isolation and has a zero post‐elastic stiffness under horizontal ground motions, a self‐centering capability, and unique friction devices for supplemental energy dissipation. The objectives of this research are to investigate the seismic behavior of the proposed bearing using parametric studies (1) with nonlinear response history analysis and (2) with equivalent linear analysis according to the AASHTO guide specifications, and by comparing the results from both analysis methods (3) to evaluate the accuracy of the AASHTO equivalent linear method for predicting the peak displacement of the proposed bearing during an earthquake. Twenty‐eight ground motions are used in the studies. The parameters examined are the sloping angle of the intermediate plate of the bearing, the amount of friction force for supplemental energy dissipation, and the peak ground acceleration levels of the ground motions. The peak displacement and base shear of the bearing are calculated. Results of the studies show that a larger sloping angle does not reduce the peak displacement for most of the parametric combinations without friction devices. However, for parametric combinations with friction devices, it allows for the use of a higher friction force, which effectively reduces the peak displacement, while keeping a self‐centering capability. The AASHTO equivalent linear method may underestimate the peak displacement by as much as 40%. Vertical ground motions have little effect on the peak displacement, but significantly increase the peak base shear. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川8.0级地震中长期预测及跟踪短期预测探讨

1999年,笔者发表了对2008年中国汶川8级地震的中长期预测结果,预测的最危险地区为汶川,上限震级为7.2级(实际震级8.0,误差0.8级),危险时段为2007—2012年、2021年以后(实际地震发生在第一危险时段内)。本文对预测方法做了概要介绍,总结了方法的特点,提出了改进意见,并探讨了跟踪短期预测方法。