基于WRF模式的兰州秋冬季大气污染预报模型研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市大气环境问题成为人们关注的热点问题之一。诸多研究表明,特殊气象条件是造成城市大气污染事件的主要因子之一。本文利用WRF模式模拟得到的高时空分辨率气象场,结合污染物浓度监测数据,分析了风速、稳定能量、Froude数、边界层高度、位温递减率、输送指数和梯度理查森数与兰州大气污染物浓度的关系,并根据WRF的模拟要素建立了污染物浓度与气象影响因子的回归方程。研究发现,兰州城区边界层高度和位温递减率与大气污染物浓度的相关系数高,NO2与气象影响因子的相关性较PM10好。建立的回归方程对NO2的模拟效果好于对PM10的模拟效果,其对城区污染物浓度的模拟效果好于郊区。通过与不同地区空气质量数值模式模拟效果对比,结果表明：回归方程对污染物的模拟效果与数值模式模拟效果相当,甚至好于部分地区空气质量数值模式的模拟效果。因此,该研究方法为我国城市空气质量预报和大气污染研究提供了科学依据。     

不同模式误差方案在集合Kalman滤波土壤湿度同化中的比较试验

本文主要目的是探讨不同模式误差方案在土壤湿度同化中的性能。基于集合Kalman滤波同化方法和AVIM (Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model) 陆面模式, 利用理想试验对膨胀因子方案 (Covariance Inflation, 简称CI)、 直接随机扰动方案 (Direct Random Disturbance, 简称DRD)、 误差源扰动方案 (Source Random Disturbance, 简称SRD) 等3种模式误差方案的同化效果进行了比较, 讨论了各方案在不同观测误差、 观测层数、 观测间隔情况下的同化性能。试验结果表明在观测误差估计完全准确的情况下, 3种方案都能获得较好的同化效果, 并且SRD方案相对于真值的均方根误差最小。当观测误差估计不准确时, SRD方案的同化效果仍能基本得以保持, 而CI和DRD方案则对观测误差估计更为敏感, 同化效果下降明显。当同化多层观测时, CI和DRD方案由于难以保持不同层观测之间的匹配关系, 同化结果反而变差, 而SRD方案能有效协调同化多层观测, 增加观测层后同化结果有了进一步的改善。当观测时间间隔较大时, CI和DRD方案的同化效果显著下降; 而SRD方案由于包含了一定的误差订正功能, 在观测稀疏时仍能保持较好的同化效果。     

河南省大雾的时空分布特征及500hPa环流特点分析

对河南省45年的大雾日数进行分析研究,结果表明：河南省年平均大雾日数秋冬季多,春夏季少,雾日主要集中在11月到翌年1月;大雾区域分布极不均匀,总体来说是东多西少,平原和盆地多山区明显少,全省有5个多雾中心。选择40个代表站进行经验正交函数（EOF）展开分析,前三个模态的积累方差贡献率为76．5％,通过相关系数和第一模态的时间系数分析,全省大部分地区大雾日数呈增加的趋势,与温度变化趋势相同。小波分析存在2～4年、8～10年和19～22年的周期变化。进一步对历史上典型多雾年和少雾年500hPa高度距平场分析,发现多雾年与少雾年欧亚中高纬度地区高度距平趋势恰好相反,多雾年呈＋-＋分布,而少雾年呈-＋-分布。     

Trends and scales of observed soil moisture variations in China

A new soil moisture dataset from direct gravimetric measurements within the top 50-cm soil layers at 178 soil moisture stations in China covering the period 1981-1998 are used to study the long-term and seasonal trends of soil moisture variations, as well as estimate the temporal and spatial scales of soil moisture for different soil layers. Additional datasets of precipitation and temperature difference between land surface and air (TDSA) are analyzed to gain further insight into the changes of soil moisture. There are increasing trends for the top 10 cm, but decreasing trends for the top 50 cm of soil layers in most regions. Trends in precipitation appear to dominantly influence trends in soil moisture in both cases. Seasonal variation of soil moisture is mainly controlled by precipitation and evaporation, and in some regions can be affected by snow cover in winter. Timescales of soil moisture variation are roughly 1-3 months and increase with soil depth. Further influences of TDSA and precipitation on soil moisture in surface layers, rather than in deeper layers, cause this phenomenon. Seasonal variations of temporal scales for soil moisture are region-dependent and consistent in both layer depths. Spatial scales of soil moisture range from 200-600 km, with topography also having an affect on these. Spatial scales of soil moisture in plains are larger than in mountainous areas. In the former, the spatial scale of soil moisture follows the spatial patterns of precipitation and evaporation, whereas in the latter, the spatial scale is controlled by topography.     

青岛地区暴雨时空分布统计分析

为了对青岛地区暴雨的中长期预报提供参考依据,用45a的资料对青岛地区的暴雨进行了统计分析,发现青岛暴雨日的年际波动较大,最多17d/a,最少1 d/a,平均 8 d/a,近几年有逐渐增多的趋势.暴雨出现时段高度集中,6 月下旬至9月上旬占全年的82.4%,旬分布为双峰型;大暴雨和区域性暴雨多数集中在8月,分布均为单峰型.地形对暴雨日、大暴雨日的分布等有一定影响.青岛7月、8月两月暴雨特征有一定差异:7月多局部性暴雨,8月多区域性暴雨和大暴雨.     

Study About Ocean Eddy Effect on Strong Convection in Local Atmosphere over the Kuroshio Extension Region

The Kuroshio Extension （KE） is the key area where the water heats the atmosphere in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in winter. Previous studies show that the active eddies in the KE area can affect sea surface temperature and thus sea surface winds. The present study reviewed the progress about the influences of the eddies on local atmosphere in recent years. Analysis and comparison were made especially for the achievements from shipboard sounding data, satellite observations and numerical experiments. Based on the geostrophic adaptation theory involved in atmospheric anomalies induced by the eddies, the following new scientific deductions were suggested: Air pressure adjustment mechanism dominated in the atmospheric response to eddies under the conditions of weaker wind speed over the eddies. The influence of eddies was often limited in the atmospheric boundary layer. On the other hand, vertical mixing mechanism played a major role in the response of the atmosphere to warm (cold) eddies when air moved faster over the eddies. Surface wind speed increased (decreased) over the warm (cold) water. Significant wind convergence took place downwind the warm water, and large amount of water vapor was transported also downwind from the warm water surface. The positive feedback between water vapor condensation and rising air forced by the surface convergence provided necessary conditions for the development of strong convection in atmosphere. These deductions will be conducive to further depicting the impact of oceanic eddies on the atmosphere quantitatively.     

2021年秋季中国气候异常特征及主要气象灾害

利用1961—2021年中国区域2400余站地面气象常规观测资料,根据2019年中国气象局发布的《区域性重要过程监测和评价业务规定》,对2021年秋季中国气候基本概况及主要气象灾害进行全面分析。结果表明:(1)2021年秋季,中国气候状况总体偏差,平均气温较常年同期偏高,平均降水量较常年同期偏多;由于台风登陆个数偏少,且强降水以及冷空气过程影响区域叠加累积效应显著,导致北方部分省份雨、雪和冰冻灾害影响明显高于南方。(2)2021年秋季,我国气象灾害形势复杂严峻,极端天气气候复合事件多发,以暴雨洪涝、高温干旱、低温冰冻雨雪灾害为主,灾害极端性和区域性特征显著。区域暴雨过程较常年同期偏多4.2次,北方多地发生罕见秋汛,山西、陕西等地洪涝灾害较重;阶段性区域高温天气多发,区域高温过程较常年同期偏多2.4次,导致江南、华南高温干旱复合发展;寒潮过程较常年同期偏多1.2次,过程影响区域叠加累积效应显著,东北三省和内蒙古部分地区雪情较重。     

一种诱导模式和甘油补料优化策略提高重组大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）β-琼胶酶的产量

琼胶酶是作用于琼胶的水解酶,在食品、化妆品和制药工业中有广泛的应用。本文建立了一种基于诱导模式和甘油补料优化的高细胞密度和高产β-琼胶酶策略,同时可以较好的控制乙酸盐产量。首先,在诱导前期采用不同的比生长速率（μ）的甘油指数补料策略。结果表明,低的比生长速率（μ=0.2）是细胞生长和β-琼胶酶产生的最佳条件。其次,研究了诱导阶段诱导温度和诱导物浓度对细胞生长和β-琼胶酶产生的影响。当异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导时,在20℃下0.8mmol/L的IPTG诱导策略对β-琼胶酶的产生效果最佳。采用1.0g/（L·h）的乳糖连续补料策略诱导培养,β-琼胶酶活性达到112.5U/mL,是目前报道的产量最高的β-琼胶酶。此外,β-琼胶酶能直接酶解龙须菜粉,产生新琼寡糖,水解产物为新琼胶四糖（NA4）和新琼胶六糖（NA6）。本文的研究为β-琼胶酶的工业化生产和应用提供了较好的理论依据。     

Diffraction imaging using an adaptive phase filter

As an ideal carrier of high-resolution information, seismic diffraction can be used to clarify and locate small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface. However, a diffraction is weak and thus be suppressed by the specular reflection. Furthermore, a diffraction would be destroyed by the conventional imaging method due to the polarity reversal of diffraction. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of diffraction and reflection. For the image point on a horizontal or oblique reflector, the zone on both sides of the stationary point has the same energy after using a cosine weight function. Based on the behaviour, we propose the adaptive phase filter to adjust the polarity of the energy on both sides, and calculate it through the illumination angle and the reflector dip angle. This method avoids the calculation of the Fresnel zones and can further suppress residual reflection that disturb the diffraction images. Synthetic and field data applications show that the desired imaging results can be obtained by the proposed method. The test results demonstrate that the method is efficient in detecting small-scale discontinuities or inhomogeneities in the subsurface and can provide high-resolution information for seismic interpretation.     

新一代区域地震灾害快速评估系统设计与实现——以甘肃省为例

破坏性地震发生后,地震灾情快速评估作为地震应急指挥技术系统中的核心模块能够为各级政府和应急管理部门地震应急指挥决策提供重要的信息服务,是地震应急救援与指挥决策重要的支撑平台。随着学者对地震应急领域几十年的研究,已经具备了开发新一代地震灾害快速评估系统的条件。本文基于甘肃省分震级地震烈度衰减模型、分区域的地震灾害人员伤亡评估模型、地震应急专题图设计等研究基础,研发了新一代甘肃省地震灾害快速评估原型系统,实现了软件自动触发、分震级地震影响范围估计、分区地震灾害人员伤亡计算,自动生成地震灾情评估报告,提高了系统的自动化水平和计算结果的精度。该软件能够提升甘肃省地震灾害快速响应能力,能够为甘肃省地震灾害应急救援和指挥决策提供更为科学可靠信息服务。