On the possible mechanism of the first ground level enhancement in cosmic ray intensity of solar cycle 24

We have carried out this work to comprehend the possible mechanisms of the first ground level enhancement (GLE71 17 May 2012 01:50 UT) in cosmic ray intensity of the solar cycle 24. For this, the cosmic ray intensities registered by neutron monitors at several sites have been analyzed and studied with concurrent solar flares of different energy channels. To assess empirically whether the GLE might have been caused by the energy released from solar flare or CME-driven shock, we identify the possible time line in terms of the lowest spectral index determined from proton fluxes. If the GLE is caused by the energy released from particle acceleration in solar flare, the intensive phase of the flare representing the extreme emission should exist within/around the possible time line. In this respect, it is observed that the possible time line lies within the prominent phase of CME-driven shock. For better understanding, we have checked the possible relativistic energy with respect to solar flare as well as CME-driven shock. As witnessed, if the extreme emission phase of the flare is considered as the reason for the causation of GLE peak, the flare components procured insufficient amount of energy (≤～0.085 GeV) to produce a GLE. If the extreme emission phase of the flare is also considered as the dominator along GLE onset, the possible energy procurement (≤～0.414 GeV) is still not adequate to produce a GLE. In contrast, the CME-driven shock is capable of procuring enough possible relativistic energy (≥～1.21 GeV) that is sufficient amount of the energy for a GLE production. Any amount of the energy (<0.414 GeV) released from preceding flare components is supposed to have been contributed to the shock process. Thus, it is assumed that the GLE71 was possibly caused by the energy released from the shock acceleration, which might have been boosted by the energy emanated from preceding flare.     

地热系统深部热能聚敛理论及勘查实践

深部热能聚敛及富集过程研究是地热资源探测评价的重要基础。地热壳构热控理论是以地球动力学理论为基础,以构造控热作用研究为主线,通过大地构造学、构造地质学、地热地质学等学科理论和方法,研究深部热能聚敛过程及热异常分布规律,分析各种构造要素间的相互作用及控热机制,探讨地热资源靶区预测方法,从而指导地热勘查的科学。本文系统论述了地热壳构热控理论的内涵与外延,提出了我国不同类型地热资源“同源共生-壳幔生热-构造聚热”的客观自然规律,分析了我国陆区壳幔尺度热流配分格局与不同地质背景条件下影响浅地表温度场的主要控热构造,并以渤海湾盆地、青藏高原、东南沿海等我国主要地热系统为研究对象,以壳构热控理论为指导,以勘查区找热为出发点,以控热作用内生因素(壳幔生热)和外生因素(构造聚热)为切入点,通过研究影响壳幔生热、壳内传热、勘查靶区聚热这一地球物理过程,确定了不同构造背景下地热系统的主要控热构造。从传统的经验式找热到建立构造控热预测标志,再到水热型地热资源-干热型地热资源共生富集认知,理论认识的创新发展,将引领和支撑我国地热资源不断实现高效勘探和开发利用。     

Prevalence and risk assessment of antibiotics in riverine estuarine waters of Larut and Sangga Besar River,Perak

Antibiotics released into the environment through anthropogenic activities exert selective pressure,driving bacteria towards increasing antimicrobial resistance.The prevalence of antibiotics and the ecological risks posed in the riverine estuarine of Larut River and Sangga Besar River,which included wastewater effluents from hospital,zoo,and poultry slaughterhouse sources were investigated.Solid phase extraction(SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass chromatography(HPLC-MS/MS) were used to extract and quantify the antibiotic residues from 22 antibiotics belonging to six major antibiotic classes(sulfonamide,macrolide,fluoroquinolone,phenicol,trimethoprim,and tetracycline).Sixteen antibiotic residues were detected with concentrations ranging from limit of detection(LOD) to 1 262.3 ng/L.Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the most frequently detected compounds.Erythromycin,clarithromycin and ofloxacin detected in hospital and zoo effluents posed a high risk to algae while tetracycline had low to medium ecological risks toward all the relevant organisms from aquatic environments(algae,invertebrate Daphnia magna,and fish).     

金沙江下游支流黑水河松新电站鱼道过鱼效果监测与评估

松新鱼道建设是恢复金沙江白鹤滩库区鱼类生境替代支流——黑水河连通性的重要工程措施之一,其过鱼效果备受关注。本研究以黑水河松新鱼道为研究对象,通过网捕法和射频识别遥测技术(RFID)开展松新鱼道过鱼效果监测与评估研究。结果表明:(1)黑水河松新坝址下游共监测到19种鱼类,其中12种鱼类可以顺利通过鱼道抵达上游河道;(2)鱼道进出口鱼类多样性受到鱼类洄游动机影响呈现季节性规律,非洄游期(12月)鱼道进出口鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著低于洄游期(次年3、5月);(3)松新鱼道主要过鱼对象短须裂腹鱼的进口吸引率为31.50%,通过率可达44.44%。利用张网监测数据发现:当水温超过20℃时,过鱼种类和数量随着水温的升高呈递减趋势;当鱼道内流量超过0.50 m³/s时,过鱼种类和数量随着鱼道内流量的增大而呈递减趋势。为识别影响鱼道过鱼效果的关键因素,选取短须裂腹鱼为研究对象,构建了基于多因素(鱼道内流量、水温、昼夜节律、pH、湿重、体长等)的Cox风险比例回归模型,研究发现:鱼道内流量、水温和昼夜节律是影响短须裂腹鱼上溯效果的关键因素;当水温变化范围为14...     

Northward migration of permafrost along the Mackenzie highway and climatic warming

Based on two field surveys of permafrost distribution, conducted 26 years apart, along the Mackenzie Highway south of Great Slave Lake, Canada, the southern limit of the sporadic discontinuous permafrost zone in the region has migrated northward by about 120 km. To substantiate that the disappearance of perennial frozen ground is largely caused by climatic warming, a detailed trend analysis of monthly air temperature records from nine weather stations was performed using the non-parametric Kendall's test. The results show that the region experienced a general warming trend for the period 1949–1989 and warming is more prominent in the minimum than the maximum temperature series. From estimates of the magnitude of warming trends on a monthly basis, the resultant increase in mean annual air temperature could readily lead to the observed northward migration of permafrost.     

基于模糊逻辑的飞机积冰预测指数

使用北京人工影响天气办公室提供的2014-2017年京津冀地区飞行记录积冰个例样本与机载观测数据,2016年全国空中报告积冰、非积冰个例样本和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）第5代全球气候大气再分析数据（ERA5）,基于模糊逻辑隶属度函数,定义了以气温和相对湿度为判别基础并考虑垂直速度和云量影响的积冰指数I_p（icing potential index）,用于判断飞机在空中发生积冰事件的可能性。检验结果表明:该指数对积冰事件的判别准确率为80.2%,与目前国内常用的经典积冰指数（I_c）相比,其判别准确率有明显提升,且漏报率和虚警率均显著降低（分别为9.4%和10.4%）,结合数值预报产品可对飞机在空中特定位置发生积冰事件的可能性进行预测。     

浙西南早元古代花岗质岩石的年代

用单颗粒锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ稀释法获得的浙西南前寒武纪变质基底中花岗质岩石的年龄为：下际二长花岗岩１９７５±８０Ｍａ，里庄二长花岗岩１８７０±３６Ｍａ，田后花岗闪长岩１８３２±８０Ｍａ，三枝树混合岩１９６３±４４Ｍａ。这些年龄数据证实本区基底岩石在１８７５±１００Ｍａ时期经历了一次广泛强烈的岩浆热事件，表明八都群（麻源群）岩石的形成应早于２．０Ｇａ。三枝树地区“鹤溪群”中混合岩年龄为１８６３±４４Ｍａ，斜长角闪岩全岩矿物Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时线年龄为２０７１±４８Ｍａ，表明景宁三枝树地区变质岩的时代应为早元古代，并非原来所属“鹤溪群”划归的晚古生代，这套变质岩可能是浙闽变质基底的一部分。     

两种贯通潜孔锤反循环钻头应用效果及理论分析

对于矿区钻孔作业存在的粉尘污染严重、岩矿心采取困难等问题,常规金刚石钻进取心难以满足现场施工要求。采用贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心技术替代常规金刚石取心工艺,在保证了较高钻进效率的同时,可有效解决干旱缺水矿区存在的取心及其引起的污染问题,保障施工人员的身体健康。为此,笔者所在课题组研发了两种新型潜孔锤反循环钻头并进行了野外试验,同时,运用LSDYNA数值模拟对设计的两种反循环钻头进行了强度分析。试验结果表明,两种钻头均具有较好的碎岩钻进效果,但花键内喷孔式反循环钻头易发生断裂;数值模拟分析结果显示,钻头的最大应力远高于材料疲劳极限是造成钻头破坏的根本原因,数值模拟结果与试验结果取得了较好的一致性。由此证实了花键内喷孔式反循环钻头结构存在缺陷,设计时应尽量避免在内喷孔周围设置环槽,以保证钻头体强度。