土地变更调查遥感监测中QuickBird遥感影像处理方法的讨论

遥感技术在全国土地变更调查工作中得到广泛应用,主要通过从最新获取的遥感影像上提取所需信息,再对比之前的数据库信息进行分析得到一定时间阶段的土地变更情况。文章针对在全国土地变更项目中使用较广的QuickBird影像,以QuickBird影像的全色影像、多光谱影像、前时相基础底图及高程数据为基础,对影像进行拼接处理、降位处理、数据融合、影像彩色合成,以及几何纠正等处理过程,并通过实验确定一个最佳处理流程。最终得到地类清晰可见、容易判读的影像,为之后的影像信息提取打好了基础。     

松花江流域气候变化及ECHAM5模式预估

 根据松花江流域1961-2000年观测气温、降水量资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域21世纪前50 a气候变化的预估结果,分析了松花江流域1961-2000年年平均气温和年降水量变化,并对21世纪前50 a气温和降水量变化趋势进行了预估。结果表明,在全球变暖的背景下,作为中国气候变暖区域响应的先锋,松花江流域年平均气温自1980年代初持续升高,升温幅度比较显著;年降水量在1961-2000年无明显增加或减少趋势,年代际差异也不大。相对于1961-1990年的气候场,21世纪前半叶,年平均气温仍将呈明显增加趋势,到2040年代升温幅度达1℃以上,年降水量变化趋势不显著,可能微弱增加,但冬季平均气温和冬季降水量都呈增加趋势,春季降水量也为增加趋势。     

2008年河南持续低温、冻雨和暴雪成因

应用常规气象观测和1°×1°NCEP资料,分析了2008年1月中下旬河南持续低温、冻雨、暴雪的成因,结果表明:1月中下旬500 hPa极涡较历史同期明显偏东偏南,咸里海和孟加拉湾地区的高度明显偏低;冻雨出现时大气的温度垂直分布呈现中暖下冷的特征,存在明显的逆温层和＞0 ℃的暖层;暴雪产生时底层东北风明显加大.极涡位置偏东,有利于极地冷空气不断沿贝加尔湖脊前西北气流南下,中纬环流东高西低,有利于孟加拉湾水汽持续向东北方向输送,两者是导致河南出现持续低温雨雪天气的主因.冻雨发生时上空需存在厚度超过500 m的暖层(t＞0 ℃),暖层下有近2 000 m的t＜0 ℃的冷层,且950-750 hPa大气相对湿度＞90%.近地面东北急流的出现或东北风的加强,促进了低层的辐合或抬升,有助于垂直风切变加强和上升运动发展,对降水的加强有指示意义.     

广西右江河谷2008年芒果低温寒害调查分析

通过对广西右江河谷四县(区)2008年低温期间气象要素资料、气候特点进行分析统计,结合芒果的生物学特性、物候发育期及农业气象灾害指标,探讨此次低温寒害天气对右江河谷芒果生产的影响,并提出相应的生产防御对策,以达到趋利避害.     

Compositions and source apportionments of atmospheric aerosol during Asian dust storm and local pollution in central Taiwan

A study has been carried out on water soluble ions, trace elements, as well as PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 elemental and organic carbon samples collected daily from Central Taiwan over a one year period in 2005. A source apportionment study was performed, employing a Gaussian trajectory transfer coefficient model (GTx) to the results from 141 sets of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 samples. Two different types of PM₁₀ episodes, local pollution (LOP) and Asian dust storm (ADS) were observed in this study. The results revealed that relative high concentrations of secondary aerosols (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺) and the elements Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As were observed in PM_2.5 during LOP periods. However, sea salt species (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) and crustal elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca and Ti) of PM_2.5–10 showed a sharp increase during ADS periods. Anthropogenic source metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As, as well as coarse nitrate also increased with ADS episodes. Moreover, reconstruction of aerosol compositions revealed that soil of PM_2.5–10 elevated approximately 12–14% in ADS periods than LOP and Clear periods. A significantly high ratio of non-sea salt sulfate to elemental carbon (NSS-SO₄²⁻/EC) of PM_2.5–10 during ADS periods was associated with higher concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfates from the industrial regions of China. Source apportionment analysis showed that 39% of PM₁₀, 25% of PM_2.5, 50% of PM_2.5–10, 42% of sulfate and 30% of nitrate were attributable to the long range transport during ADS periods, respectively.     

奥运短时临近预报实时数据处理

详细分析了目前短时临近预报系统对自动气象站数据质量控制、探测数据更新频率、组网雷达时间同步观测与基数据实时传输、探测数据的实时传输技术、基于目录监控的数据监控与分发机制、基于开源的软件开发、数据格式等方面的需求.在此基础上,建立了北京奥运短时临近预报数据快速收集处理系统并已经投入业务运行,该系统实现了探测数据的实时传输、组网雷达时间同步观测和基数据实时传输、基于消息驱动的数据实时监控和分发、探测数据格式规范化等功能,基本满足北京2008年奥运短时临近预报系统的数据预处理业务需求.     

新疆巴楚地区金伯利质角砾橄榄岩物质组成及含矿性研究

本文讨论出露于新疆巴楚瓦吉里塔格地区的一种角砾状超镁铁岩,其结构、成分复杂,由超镁铁岩包体、斑晶（或捕晶）及基质三部分构成。超镁铁岩包体常见单辉辉石岩、纯橄岩,其次有少量橄榄辉石岩。研究表明均属基性岩浆结晶岩,本次研究未见幔源橄榄岩包体;斑晶主要为橄榄石,次为金云母,基质由微晶（10~40μm）单斜辉石、钙铁榴石、钙钛矿、磁铁矿（或含钛磁铁矿）、蛇纹石、碳酸盐及金属硫化物等组成;捕晶包括单斜辉石、褐色角闪石、磷灰石、含钛磁铁矿等。多种地球化学判别图均指示其属金伯利岩类,但低MgO和低Mg#比值、高TFe2O3和CaO等区别于世界典型金伯利岩。与典型金伯利岩有相似之处,该类岩石均具有向右陡倾的REE配分型式,但（La/Yb）n比值略偏低;微量元素蛛网图也与典型金伯利岩基本一致,仅显示更加富集不相容元素,具有更显著K, Ti负异常,且部分样品出现Rb, Zr, P负异常,指示其源区地幔交代程度偏低。鉴于岩石的产状、结构构造、矿物组合和地球化学性质近似于金伯利岩,但缺少高铬铬铁矿、镁铝榴石、镁钛铁矿等金伯利岩指示矿物,故不属典型的金伯利岩,可称之为金伯利质角砾橄榄岩。就少量研究样品所示信息,该类岩石不具有寻找金刚石的潜在远景,但鉴于巴楚及邻区尚有许多角砾状超镁铁岩岩墙和岩脉出露,该区金刚石成矿条件有待更进一步的研究。     

东秦岭东段新发现的沙坡岭细脉浸染型钼矿地质特征、Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

豫西洛宁沙坡岭钼矿床位于华北克拉通南缘东秦岭钼矿带东段,是新近发现的赋存于太古宙太华群变质岩中的细脉浸染型钼矿床。本文对其地质特征进行了研究,并初步测定了1个辉钼矿样品的Re－Os同位素年龄,获得模式年龄为126.8±1.7Ma,表明沙坡岭钼矿形成于燕山期,接近金堆城、雷门沟钼矿的形成时代,Re同位素含量显示其地幔来源的特征。沙坡岭钼矿形成机制错综复杂,有待进一步研究,特别是深部钻孔工程验证工作,对于验证深部是否隐伏着与成矿相关的斑岩体、储量更大的斑岩型钼矿有着重要作用,找矿潜力巨大。     

Holocene environmental change inferred from the loess–palaeosol sequences adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, China

Chinese loess deposits are generally considered to be the product of dust storms and dust falls from the central Asia arid zones that were transported across China by the northwesterly continental monsoon. In contrast, the Zhengzhou Loess found southeast of the Loess Plateau, adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, records a different eolian regime and dust source. The Zhengzhou Loess was investigated by field observations, measurements of magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution, loss-on-ignition, CaCO₃ and chemical contents. Both field observations and the laboratory results indicate that, during the last glacial, the Zhengzhou Loess was supplied by two different eolian regimes and dust sources, one was from the fresh flood deposits of the Yellow River driven by the northeast winds from the low-lying floodplain, and the other was from the dust storms and dust falls that traveled across the Loess Plateau driven by the northwesterly continental monsoon from the central Asian arid lands. The early Holocene, 11,500–8500 a BP, was a transition during the change in eolian regime and dust source because of the weakened northwesterly monsoon along with the global climatic amelioration. Following the retreat of the northwesterly monsoon from the onset of the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum at 8500 a BP, dust supply from the drifting sand zone on the Yellow River floodplain became dominant because of the intensified strength of the northeast winds from the Bohai Sea. From 3100 a BP onwards, climatic aridity and extensive human disturbance have resulted in intensive eolian processes causing the incursion of the drifting sand into the Zhengzhou Loess zone. These results show that loess accumulation is more complex than traditionally assumed. The origin of loess deposits elsewhere outside the Loess Plateau may be related to dust sources derived from alluvial sediments of major river systems.     

塔中地区志留系碎屑锆石测年及其地质意义

志留系是塔里木盆地第一套砂岩储层广泛分布的沉积盖层,其沉积来源与成因对志留纪构造演化及周边造山带的研究具有重要意义。塔中地区3个志留系样品的碎屑锆石LA?ICP?MS U?Pb定年研究表明,志留系具有比较集中的二期物源年龄：南华纪中期、古元古代中期。碎屑锆石测定的年龄表明塔中志留系物源均来自前寒武纪,塔中东部源区方向的塔南隆起基底在奥陶纪已隆升成为蚀源区。大量的新元古代中期锆石年龄表明塔里木板块在新元古代时期可能与Rodinia超大陆具有相似的聚合与裂解演化史。