Geochemical features and origin of natural gas in heavy oil area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

The Western Slope of the Songliao Basin is rich in heavy oil resources (>70 × 10⁸ bbl), around which there are shallow gas reservoirs (∼1.0 × 10¹² m³). The gas is dominated by methane with a dryness over 0.99, and the non-hydrocarbon component being overwelmingly nitrogen. Carbon isotope composition of methane and its homologs is depleted in ¹³C, with δ¹³C₁ values being in the range of −55‰ to −75‰, δ¹³C₂ being in the range of −40‰ to −53‰ and δ¹³C₃ being in the range of −30‰ to −42‰, respectively. These values differ significantly from those solution gases source in the Daqing oilfield. This study concludes that heavy oils along the Western Slope were derived from mature source rocks in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, that were biodegraded. The low reservoir temperature (30–50 °C) and low salinity of formation water with neutral to alkaline pH (NaHCO₃) appeared ideal for microbial activity and thus biodegradation. Natural gas along the Western Slope appears mainly to have originated from biodegradation and the formation of heavy oil. This origin is suggested by the heavy δ¹³C of CO₂ (−18.78‰ to 0.95‰) which suggests that the methane was produced via fermentation as the terminal decomposition stage of the oil.     

陆生植物氮同位素组成与气候环境变化研究进展

近年来,由于植物氮同位素组成(δ15N)记载了气候环境变化的信息,因而被广泛应用于全球变化研究中,成为古气候环境再造和了解现代气候环境变化信息的有力工具。然而,人们对气候环境引起的δ15N变化及其指示的气候环境意义并不完全清楚,这就有可能限制植物δ15N在古气候环境变化等领域研究中的应用。在概述植物氮同位素分馏和植物不同氮源的氮同位素分布的基础上,分析了温度、降水、大气CO2浓度和海拔高度等气候环境因子对陆生植物δ15N的影响以及它们的关系。指出了目前研究中存在的问题及其研究前景,认为在全球变化研究中利用植物氮同位素技术不仅可以重建古气候环境(如重建大气CO2浓度变化),揭示历史时期温度、降水的变化,而且还可以在一定的时间和空间上综合反映生态系统氮循环的特征。     

基于生态系统的海洋管理理论与实践

海洋孕育了丰富的生态系统服务功能,包括为人类提供多种海产食物、净化海洋环境和提供宜人景观及发展空间等。随着工程科技水平的提高,人类对海洋资源和空间的开发利用越来越多、越来越快,对海洋生态系统的影响也越来越大,这一问题在我国尤为突出。近20年来一些发达国家通过推行基于生态系统的海洋管理(MEBM),在海洋生态系统的框架下规范和管理开发活动,特别是在解决区域性海洋管理问题方面取得了一定成效,值得我们借鉴。概述了海洋生态系统及其服务功能,回顾了海洋开发中存在的问题以及MEBM的发展历程,系统阐述了MEBM的原则和措施,剖析了国内外MEBM的成功案例,探讨了在中国实施MEBM的必要性和前提条件。近年来,我国依据海洋功能区划来管理海洋开发已取得一定的成果。建议以此为基础,强化相关生态科学研究及相应技术和法规支撑,从而为我国海洋经济可持续发展提供保障。     

Research Progress in Responses of Modern Terrestrial Plant Carbon Isotope Composition to Climate Change

Global climate change has been one of the most concerned environmental problems in the world since the 1980s. Since stable carbon composition (¹³C) in plant tissues can record abundant information on climate changes, it has been widely used as an important climate proxy in global change studies and becomes a powerful tool for obtaining paleoclimate information, understanding paleoenvironment reconstruction and modern climate change, and predicting future climate trends. However, a lot of potential uncertainties have always involved in the reconstruction of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment by carbon isotope of the past period sediment or fossils. Among them, the most dominant uncertainty is due to our poor understanding of the relations between carbon isotope ratios of plants and climatic factors and the climatic and environmental significance indicated by modern plant ¹³C. This may limit the application of plant ¹³C in the study of climatic and environmental changes. Based on the Summary of plant ¹³C fractionation and carbon isotope distribution of different photosynthetic plants, the effects of environmental factors, e.g., temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, and altitude on terrestrial plant ¹³C and their relationships were reviewed in this paper, and the response mechanism of plant ¹³C to climate changes were also analyzed. Furthermore, the current existing problems and the future prospects in carbon isotope study were discussed. It is pointed out that strengthening some studies such as the response of C₄ plants ¹³C to climate environmental parameters, the transformation relation of different scale plant ¹³C, intersection and permeation of related disciplines, and various proxies and scientific method, will undoubtedly make us have a more accurate understanding of the climate history and eventually broaden the development of the field during the process of global change study by plant carbon isotope techniques.     

乡村振兴背景下人口迁移对乡村转型发展影响的研究进展与展望

随着新时代乡村振兴战略的实施,中国已经进入乡村转型发展的快速转型阶段,人口迁移出现了新的分化与趋势。科学认知国内外人口迁移对乡村转型发展影响的研究进展对实施乡村振兴战略、调整城乡人口发展格局具有重要意义。系统梳理国内外城乡人口迁移研究的主要内容与研究视角基础上,从农村劳动力迁出与回流、逆城市化视角阐述了人口迁移对乡村转型发展影响的研究进展,最后基于新时代乡村振兴战略需求,提出了人口迁移与乡村转型发展关系的研究展望。     

青藏高原古人类的艺术创作——基于中更新世手脚印形态分析

在第二次青藏科考过程中,作者在西藏自治区拉萨市邱桑村的古泉华沉积上新发现了由5个手印和5个脚印组成 “岩面艺术” （parietal art）。对这一“岩面艺术”进行解剖学测量、3D 模型模拟、铀系测年和手脚印形态分析后,得到以下认识：① “岩面艺术”是在泉华没有成岩之前由古人类有意压上去的;② “岩面艺术”所在岩层的U/Th年代为226~169 ka B.P.,这其中包含一个手指印岩层的表面直接年龄（207~188 ka B.P.）;③ 这一发现是迄今为止发表的古人类在青藏高原上活动的最早记录之一,也为古人类适应高寒、低氧环境提供了新的证据;④ 此岩面艺术是目前世界上已知的最古老的艺术,上面的手印也是古人类留下的最早的手印;⑤ 这一原始的岩面艺术表明,创作它的古老人种可能具有一定的认知和空间感知能力,此岩面艺术的发现也将有可能改写人类艺术史,并且加深我们对已消失的古人类认知水平的认识。     

河西绿洲农田土壤呼吸特征及其对长期施肥的响应

以河西走廊典型的荒漠绿洲新垦农田为研究对象,设置9个施肥处理（高量有机肥,M3;高量氮磷肥,NP3;低量氮磷肥+高量有机肥,NP1M3;低量氮磷钾肥,NPK1;中量氮磷钾肥,NPK2;高量氮磷钾肥,NPK3;低量氮磷钾肥+高量有机肥,NPK1M3;中量氮磷钾肥+中量有机肥,NPK2M2;高量氮磷钾肥+低量有机肥,NPK3M1）,于2019—2020年7—8月采用LI-COR 8100对玉米农田土壤呼吸进行观测,分析土壤呼吸的变化、日动态及其主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）不同施肥处理,土壤呼吸速率M3>NP3>NPK1M3>NPK3M1>NPK2M2>NP1M3>NPK2>NPK3>NPK1,单施有机肥能显著提高土壤呼吸速率,较其他处理增长22.1%—41.4%。（2）不同施肥措施土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在13：00—16：00,土壤呼吸日变化主要受土壤温度变化的影响。（3）土壤温度和土壤湿度分别解释了土壤呼吸变化的24.2%—44.8%和7.7%—36.4%,土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著正相关,而与土壤湿度无显著相关性,不同施肥处理土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值1.419—1.600。（4）土壤呼吸与有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮存在显著正相关关系,施用有机肥使土壤有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮分别提升188.9%、80.5%、79.3%、147.0%,进而促进土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸与玉米产量无显著关系。不同的施肥措施会对土壤质量和土壤呼吸产生不同影响,有机肥和氮磷钾化肥的平衡施用,能够在提升土壤质量的同时减少碳排放,可在生产实践中采用。     

地理信息可视化新技术综述与分析

随着技术的发展,新的地理信息可视化技术不断涌现。本文对目前地理信息可视化技术研究中较热点的四种地理信息可视化新技术进行了介绍,并分析了各技术的不足,希望能对相关的研究有所裨益。     

江苏省市、县级矿产资源规划数据库建设及应用研究

矿产资源规划数据库作为矿产资源规划成果内容的一部分,是矿产资源规划管理工作的基础数据。本文针对江苏省市、县级矿产资源规划数据库建设实际,对数据库建设的方法进行探讨,提出了第二轮矿产资源规划数据库建设中的问题和解决对策,并开展矿产资源规划数据归集与应用研究,可为第三轮矿产资源规划及其他数据库建设提供相关参考。     

The surface photometry of NGC 3379

Surface photometry is carried out for the photometric standard galaxy NGC 3379 on the basis of two plates in the blue band taken with the Bejing Schmidt telescope. The results, including luminosity profiles, photometric parameters, integrated luminosity distribution, ellipticity and position angle variation, are presented in various forms of figures and tables. Especially our geometric profiles, i.e., ellipticity and position angle variations reach up to 5, much fainter region than that any previous study did. The accuracy of the present data is checked by comparing them with the surface photometry in the literature. We find the zero-point 0.12 mag brighter than the calibration of de Vaucouleurs and Capaccioli (1979), which agrees with the values 0.10–0.15 mag difference claimed by recent observations. The systematic differences is found to be less than 0.1 mag.