Relative roles of the equatorial upper ocean zonal current and thermocline in determining the timescale of the tropical climate system

Summary In this study, it is demonstrated that the amplitude of the equatorial upper-ocean zonal current anomaly induced by the fast-varying wind forcing (shorter than a year) is much greater than that induced by the slowly varying wind forcing (longer than 2 year), and the center of maximum zonal current anomaly shifts from the central Pacific to the western Pacific with an increase in the timescale of wind forcing. As a result, the zonal advective feedback (the zonal advection of mean sea surface temperature by anomalous current) in a slowly varying climate system becomes weaker and barely induces a low-frequency mode such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation. On the other hand, both amplitude and zonal location of the maximum thermocline anomaly are little changed by the change in the timescale of wind forcing – confined at the strong equatorial upwelling region of the eastern Pacific. Accordingly, the thermocline feedback (the vertical advection of anomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling) is more favorable to generate a low-frequency mode.The relative roles of these two feedbacks are further explored under the coupled-system context. The eigen analysis of the stripped-down version of an intermediate ocean-atmosphere coupled model shows that by altering the regime space from the weakly coupled to the strongly coupled, the dominant process that leads the leading eigen mode changes from the zonal advective feedback to the thermocline feedback, and at the same time the frequency of the leading mode also changes from the high-frequency to the low-frequency. It implies that each feedback tends to favor the different timescale coupled mode.     

基于Web的数据库应用

详细论述了基于Web的数据库应用的系统结构模型、动态Web站点的实现方法和系统的安全机制等 ,分析了基于Web的数据库应用的特点 ,指出基于Web的数据库应用是实现信息共享的一个重要途径 ,并在此基础作了一实例     

基于Web的数据库应用

详细论述了基于Web的数据库应用的系统结构模型、动态Web站点的实现方法和系统的安全机制等,分析了基于Web的数据库应用的特点,指出基于Web的数据库应用是实现信息共享的一个重要途径,并在此基础作了一实例。     

贺兰山地区大气冰核浓度的测量及初步分析

根据 1 994年在银川和阿拉善左旗观测得到的冰核资料 ,给出了两地不同天气条件下的大气冰核浓度 ,分析并讨论了冰核浓度与风、降水、天空状况等的关系 ,给出了飞机在空中测量冰核的结果。     

库车5.6级、拜城5.3级地震形变前兆异常

分析研究了 1999年 3月 15日库车 5.6级、6月 17日拜城 5.3级地震前新疆克孜尔水库形变站观测到的前兆异常。库车 5.6级地震前 ,第一形变站基线具有突变性 ,异常幅度达 2 80μm,水准异常为渐进式 ,幅度稍小 ,但异常持续时间较长。在此次地震前其它测站的 14条垂直、水平形变测线都有程度不同的异常显示 ,最大异常量级为 1.2× 10 -5,中期异常达 1年以上 ,短期异常持续约 10 0天 ,临震异常在震前 7～ 15天出现。拜城 5.3级地震前各测线也观测到了较明显的前兆异常 ,最大异常量级为 8.3× 10 -6,短期异常持续近两个月。     

黄土高原红粘土序列与晚第三纪的气候事件

红粘土序列由7个古土壤组合和与之相间的红色黄土组合组成,它们是建议的地层划 分和对比的一级单位。系统的古地磁研究表明,黄土高原风尘沉积开始的年龄约为7．2MaB．P．,它标志着晚新生代亚洲内陆干旱化的开始,可能意味着青藏高原在此时达到了有意义的高度,东亚古季风环流基本建立。风尘沉积速率与夏季风强度在长时间尺度上的耦合揭示了它们与青藏高原高度的共同联系,也意味着青藏高原可能经历了多次隆升和夷平过程;第四纪黄土-古土壤序列是2.6～2.8MaB.P．全球冰期-间冰期气候旋回建立的证据。     

采用有厚度接触单元对桩基沉降的研究

选用描述桩土接触面特性的有厚度接触面本构模型与土塑性特点的弹塑性本构模型, 利用研制的二维有限元程序, 研究了在荷载作用下桩的几何特征、物理特性与土及接触面的物理特性对桩基沉降的影响, 得出了几点规律性的结论。     

高寒地区公路涎流冰灾害及防治

西藏浪卡子至洛扎公路是西藏山南地区环线公路的西段,全长120 km,集交通、外交、军事于一体。由于公路位于高寒、新构造运动强烈的地区,特殊的地质背景、气候因素和地理环境,为该地区地质灾害的发生孕育了良好的条件。涎流冰是指水在持续负温下随流随冻形成的积冰,水源和负温是涎流冰形成的先决条件。公路沿线有10处涎流冰灾害,影响的公路总长457 m。涎流冰灾害对公路的建设和运营构成了极大的危害,对其治理以防为主,采用涵洞或盲沟排水,同时必须防冻。     

The effect of estimating areal rainfall using self‐similarity topography method on the simulation accuracy of runoff prediction

Rainfall input for hydrologic modelling is assumed uniformly distributed over the entire catchment. This can lead to significant errors. Investigations of areal rainfall in mountain areas are typically limited by a lack of adequate meteorological and hydrogeological records. This study focuses on areal rainfall in mountain areas within the Kaidu River Basin, China, with the aim of analyzing the influence of areal rainfall on the simulation accuracy of runoff prediction. We conducted a simulation using MIKE 11/NAM rainfall‐runoff model over 92 days of the rain season and compared the simulation error in different methods. On the basis of properties of self‐similarity degree (SSD) in analyzing the detailed characteristics of terrain, areal rainfall was calculated to model the runoff. The results of the model simulations are generally consistent with observed data, indicating that the self‐similarity topography method is able to reflect the spatial change of rainfall. This indicates that the proposed methodology is applicable for the management of water resources in mountain area. The modelling and self‐similarity topography method study allowed quantification of the spatial rainfall and provided an insight into their implications in hydrological forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.