Estimation of peak relative velocity and peak absolute acceleration of linear SDOF systems

In the seismic analysis and design of structures, the true velocity and absolute acceleration are usually approximated by their corresponding pseudo-values. This approach is simple and works well for structures with small damping (say, less than 15%). When the damping of a structure is enhanced for the purpose of response reduction, it may result in large analysis and design errors. Based on theory of random vibration and the established mechanism of seismic response spectra analysis, a method is developed (1) to predict the relative velocity spectra with any damping ratio level directly from the 5% standard pseudo-acceleration spectrum; and (2) to estimate the peak absolute acceleration. The accuracy of both is validated by using two selected ensembles of ground motion records.     

祁连山讨赖河流域1957—2012年极端气候变化

全球气候变化背景下,极端气候事件发生的频率逐年增大,由此引发的气象灾害事件也随之增加。鉴此,本文利用祁连山讨赖河流域1957—2012年的气象观测资料,对该流域23个极端气候指数的时空变化特征做了研究。结果表明：（1）极端气温升高趋势明显,夜间和白天极端低温日数显著减少,极端气温昼指数显著增大;气温日较差变化幅度很小,霜冻日数显著减少,生长季长度明显加长,冰冻日数2000年后增加;夜指数增大幅度大于昼指数,秋、冬季极端气温升高幅度大于春、夏季。（2）极端降水指数增大趋势明显,雨日降水总量、连续五日降水总量和中雨天数均展现出增大态势,反映出连续降水事件的增加;极端降水量事件增大显著,但雨日降水强度变化不大;除最多连续无降水日数外,极端降水日数指数展现出增大趋势;降水日数夏、秋季节分配趋向均匀化;降水量的增加主要是单次降水时间持续加长和中雨日数增加的贡献;高海拔区极端降水事件发生的频次较大。     

让江源之说回归真实

介绍了20世纪70年代江源地区的测图情况,指出沱沱河正源纳钦曲是兰州军区测绘部队1974年发现并测图。论述了认定河源诸项标准的由来,指出确定河源不可随意择取认定标准和确定主次。对"三源说"提出了质疑:沱沱河源于尕恰迪如岗雪山群东南侧两初始冰川,而非姜古迪如南侧冰川;认为把楚玛尔河定为长江的北源,既不符合实际,又搞乱了水系的干支名系关系,并出现多个源头,有违发源地的地域慨念。依江源数十条源流形成的密集扇形分布水系,提出长江发源地应表述为:源于唐古拉山脉北麓。按照认定河源的诸项标准,对长江诸源进行了分析与比量,当曲各项均为最优,认为当曲才是长江正源,源于霞舍日啊巴山峰东侧的多朝能谷地。指出量算长江的精确长度,应顾及诸多因素并建议重新量算。     

德州气候变化与建筑物防腐

利用德州11县市1951～2005年温度、降水资料,计算气候干燥度,1981～2005年与1951～1980年相比全市干燥度由1.45增大到1.64,已由原来的半湿润气候变化为半干旱气候。各县市降水量呈减少趋势,平均每10年减少19.64mm;气温呈上升趋势,平均每10年升高0.11℃,冬季升高0.30℃,冬季增温显著,北部县市已由原来的冰冻区变化为微冻区,全市均为微冻区。由于气候条件变化,相应场地环境类别与腐蚀介质指标的调整系数标准应作调整改变,场地环境类别由Ⅱ类转变为Ⅰ类,腐蚀介质指标的调整系数均取0.9。     

Quantifying contributions of climate feedbacks to tropospheric warming in the NCAR CCSM3.0

In this study, a coupled atmosphere-surface “climate feedback-response analysis method” (CFRAM) was applied to the slab ocean model version of the NCAR CCSM3.0 to understand the tropospheric warming due to a doubling of CO₂ concentration through quantifying the contributions of each climate feedback process. It is shown that the tropospheric warming displays distinct meridional and vertical patterns that are in a good agreement with the multi-model mean projection from the IPCC AR4. In the tropics, the warming in the upper troposphere is stronger than in the lower troposphere, leading to a decrease in temperature lapse rate, whereas in high latitudes the opposite it true. In terms of meridional contrast, the lower tropospheric warming in the tropics is weaker than that in high latitudes, resulting in a weakened meridional temperature gradient. In the upper troposphere the meridional temperature gradient is enhanced due to much stronger warming in the tropics than in high latitudes. Using the CFRAM method, we analyzed both radiative feedbacks, which have been emphasized in previous climate feedback analysis, and non-radiative feedbacks. It is shown that non-radiative (radiative) feedbacks are the major contributors to the temperature lapse rate decrease (increase) in the tropical (polar) region. Atmospheric convection is the leading contributor to temperature lapse rate decrease in the tropics. The cloud feedback also has non-negligible contributions. In the polar region, water vapor feedback is the main contributor to the temperature lapse rate increase, followed by albedo feedback and CO₂ forcing. The decrease of meridional temperature gradient in the lower troposphere is mainly due to strong cooling from convection and cloud feedback in the tropics and the strong warming from albedo feedback in the polar region. The strengthening of meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere can be attributed to the warming associated with convection and cloud feedback in the tropics. Since convection is the leading contributor to the warming differences between tropical lower and upper troposphere, and between the tropical and polar regions, this study indicates that tropical convection plays a critical role in determining the climate sensitivity. In addition, the CFRAM analysis shows that convective process and water vapor feedback are the two major contributors to the tropical upper troposphere temperature change, indicating that the excessive upper tropospheric warming in the IPCC AR4 models may be due to overestimated warming from convective process or underestimated cooling due to water vapor feedback.     

Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography Based on the BeiDou Satellite System简

This paper presents a novel approach for assessing the precision of the wet refractivity field using BDS （BeiDou navigation satellite system） simulations only,GPS,and BDS＋GPS for the Shenzhen and Hongkong GNSS network.The simulations are carried out by adding artificial noise to a real observation dataset.Instead of using the δ and σ parameters computed from slant wet delay,as in previous studies,we employ the Bias and RMS parameters,computed from the tomography results of total voxels,in order to obtain a more direct and comprehensive evaluation of the precision of the refractivity field determination.The results show that：（1） the precision of tropospheric wet refractivity estimated using BDS alone （only 9 satellites used） is basically comparable to that of GPS; （2） BDS＋GPS （as of current operation） may not be able to significantly improve the data＇s spatial density for the application of refractivity tomography; and （3） any slight increase in the precision of refractivity tomography,particularly in the lower atmosphere,bears great significance for any applications dependent on the Chinese operational meteorological service.     

松嫩高平原县域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析——以巴彦县为例

以黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区,基于研究区DEM数据,运用土地利用类型的分布指数、土地利用结构的信息熵、均衡度和优势度,明确研究区土地利用空间格局的地形梯度特征及地形因子对土地利用空间格局的影响。结果表明：① 研究区土地利用空间格局在地形因子的作用下存在明显的梯度特征,旱地、水田、草地、水域、建设用地及其他用地主要分布在较低地形级别区,林地主要分布在较高地形级别区。② 除林地以外,其他土地利用类型分布的优势地形位均位于较低地形级别区,林地分布的优势地形位位于较高地形级别区,各土地利用类型分布的优势区域不尽相同。③ 研究区土地利用结构的信息熵及均衡度变化趋势相同,优势度的变化趋势与信息熵、均衡度的变化趋势相反,土地利用空间格局与地形因子具有显著的相关性。     

黄河中游夏季降水异常的先兆特征和预测方法

本文利用黄河中游61站降水资料,分析了其变化规律和同期及前期环境场特征,并建立了夏季降水预测模型。研究发现：黄河中游夏季降水具有显著的年际变化特征,显著周期在3年左右;黄河中游夏季降水主要受到同期东亚高空急流、西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)以及贝加尔湖附近低槽的影响,当急流和副高偏强（弱）偏北（南）、贝加尔湖附近高度场偏低（高）时,黄河中游降水偏多（少）。另外,前期秋季南方涛动指数、北非副热带高压（20°W~60°E）、南海副热带高压（100°~120°E）、北半球副高强度及北半球极涡强度发生异常时,对夏季环流产生影响,从而影响黄河中游夏季降水,据此,建立预测模型。评估发现该模型具有较强的预测能力,可用于黄河中游夏季降水的定量预测。     

气象台站实景监控系统防雷技术

介绍了气象台站实景监控系统的构成,系统阐述了前端监控子系统、传输线路、远程监控中心等各部位的雷电防护设计、技术标准与要求,利用接闪、接地、等电位连接、电涌保护等措施提出气象台站实景监控系统的雷电综合防护技术,提高了实景监控系统的雷电防护能力,保障了设备的安全运转。     

长江中下游遇大范围雨雪西北出现今年首次沙尘天气

1月,全国平均气温为-4.5℃,比常年同期偏高1.4℃.上旬,西藏旬平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值、黑龙江为次高值;下旬,黑龙江旬平均气温为1951年以来最高,宁夏、吉林、山西为次高值;黑龙江、吉林月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,西藏月平均气温为1954年以来历史同期次高值.