Taxonomic distinctness of macrofauna as an ecological indicator in Laizhou Bay and adjacent waters

In this paper, we assessed the ecological and biodiversity status in the Bohai Sea through a quantitative survey on mac-rofaunal community at 25 stations in Laizhou Bay and adjacent waters in the autumn of 2006.We tested the robustness and effectiveness of taxonomic distinctness as an ecological indictor by analyzing its correlation with species richness and natural environmental variables and by analyzing other ecological indicators (Shannon-Wiener H' and W statistics from Abundance Biomass Comparison curve).Results so obtained indicated that the benthic environment of the study waters in general is not under major impact of anthropogenic disturbance, but some stations in Laizhou Bay and along the coast of the Shandong Peninsula and even in the central Bohai Sea might be moderately disturbed and showed signs of ecological degradation.The taxonomic distinctness measures △+ and Λ+ were independent of sampling effort and natural environment factors and were compliant to other ecological indicators.Further application of the taxonomic distinctness indicator to assess marine biodiversity and ecosystem health on a larger regional scale with historical data seems promising.     

Transformation of Carbon and Nitrogen by Earthworms in the Decomposition Processes of Broad-leaved Litters

Earthworms are the important constituents in the decayed food web and the main ecological conditioners in the process of decomposition and nutrient mineralization. The transformation of organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) in the broad-leaved litters ingested by earthworms was researched by means of a laboratory experiment. Experimental samples were collected from broad-leaved Korea Pine mixed forest in Liangshui National Natural Reserve (47°10′50″N, 128°53′20″E) in the northeastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains of Northeast China. The contents of organic C and total N in earthworms, leaf litters and earthworm faeces were analyzed. Results show that the organic C content was in the fol- lowing order: leaf litters>faeces>earthworms, while total N content was contrary to that of the organic C. The organic C contents in the different leaf litters were in the following order: Tilia amurensis>Betula costata>Acer mono, whereas the total N contents in the different leaf litters were: Betula costata>Tilia amurensis>Acer mono. The contents of organic C and total N in the faeces from the different leaf litters were almost consistent with the contents of the leaf litters. After the leaf litters were ingested by earthworms, the organic C, which was transformed to increase earthworms' weights, ac- counted for 3.90%-13.31% of the total ingestion by earthworms, while that in the earthworm faeces accounted for 6.14%-13.70%. The transformed organic C through the other metabolism (e.g., respiration) of earthworms accounted for 75.04%-89.92%. The ingested organic C by earthworms was mostly used for metabolic activities. The N ingested by earthworms was less than organic C. It is estimated that 37.08% of total N was transformed to increase the earthworm's weight, 19.97% into earthworm faeces and 47.86% for the consumption of the earthworm's activities. The earthworms not only increased the content of organic C and total N in the soil, but also decreased the values of C/N in the soil and leaf litters. Earthworms play a major role in the leaf litters' decomposition and transformation.     

ESTIMATE OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN CHINA BY CLIMATE-BASED NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

1INTRODUCTIONIrrigated ricefieldsarecharacterizedbylargespatialandtemporalvariationsin CH4 emissiontotheatmo-sphere.Accordingly,thereisagreatuncertaintyintheestimate ofCH4 emissionsfromricefields.GreateffortshavebeenmadetoestimatetheCH4 emissionsfromricefieldsandseveralapproacheshavebeendeveloped.TherepresentativemethodsincludetheIPCC(Inter-governmentPanelofClimateChange)region-specificemissionfactormethodandthemodelcalculationmethod.Toimprovethecalculationaccuracy,theIPCCmethodreq…     

Sensory bases and the mode of feeding behavior of tongue sole <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>

We conducted behavior experiments on the roles of vision, olfaction, and the lateral line in feeding in tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Günter. Chemical cues from the prey alone could not elicit any searching or attacking behavior by the fish; only when moving foods were presented, the chemical nature of the foods affected feeding. In addition, we found that normal tongue sole did not accurately recognize moving artificial prey of different shapes. Neither chemosense nor vision plays an important role in prey detection. Reactions to moving objects and the response of the oropharyngeal cavity to different foods showed that the (eyeless) tongue sole use mainly the lateral line for prey detection and capture. Gustation in the oropharyngeal cavity is essential for the fish to swallow its prey.     

山东泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩特征及成因分析

为评价泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩资源潜力,开展了6口地质井的钻探、二维地震勘探和多项油页岩的样品分析测试工作。根据油页岩分析测试资料,结合录井、测井、地震、沉积等研究成果,总结了油页岩主要特征,对该区油页岩成因进行了初步分析。结果表明:泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩主要发育在大汶口组中段沉积时期的湖相沉积中,大汶口组中段油页岩矿层与地层产状一致,走向277°,倾向7°,倾角4°~5°,矿层顶板埋深108.40m,矿层底板埋深272.06m,厚度0.80~2.29m,平均岩石密度为1.90t/m^3,含油率3.12%~4.07%,平均含油率3.48%。     

面向不同用户群体的社交媒体台风舆情演化分析及对比研究

社交媒体数据可以为台风灾害追踪、灾时救援和灾情评估提供及时有效的信息。现有研究常采用主题建模和情感分析等技术对台风期间社交媒体平台（如新浪微博等）舆论话题和情感变化进行研究。在省域范围内以小时为时间粒度的多维度有效性论证尚有欠缺,且在舆情分析时未能区分用户群体差异。本文以台风“利奇马”为例,在浙江省域范围内,以新浪微博数据为研究对象,首先从词频分析、台风关注度时空变化以及特定灾害事件响应3个角度探讨了微博数据对台风灾情响应的有效性;其次采用隐含狄利克雷分布（Latent Dirichlet Allocation,LDA）主题模型技术挖掘微博文本主题信息,并根据Louvain算法对主题社团进行划分;然后开发了一种基于自定义情感词典的情感分析方法用于情感指数计算,与SnowNLP相比情感倾向性预测精度得到了提高;最后分析了台风期间官方和民众在新浪微博平台上的话题关注以及情感演变差异。结果表明：① 在省级范围内,微博数据能有效反映台风动态和灾害时空分布;② 台风事件微博文本的主题变化反映了灾情不同阶段舆论关注点的动态变化;③ 官方微博文本比民众微博文本具有更明确的主题社团结构;④ 台风事件相关微博文本中的消极情绪在台风登陆后显著增加,其中民众微博文本对台风灾害的情绪响应更及时,官方微博文本中的情感表达始终相对积极。     

埋深对恐龙化石的影响效果研究

已发现的恐龙化石大多数埋藏在不同深度的地层中,不同埋深化石所受风化破坏程度不尽相同。为深入研究恐龙化石的风化机理,探究恐龙化石的保护措施和方法,重点分析埋深产生的侧向压力对恐龙化石强度和破坏特性的影响。通过有限差分软件FLAC3D进行数值模拟,揭示埋深因素对恐龙化石保存的影响程度。试验结果表明:围岩对恐龙化石施加的侧向压力是影响恐龙化石变形和强度特性的一个重要因素。在弹性变形阶段,恐龙化石的初始强度、峰值强度随侧向压力的增大而不断增大。当应力超过了恐龙化石极限强度后进入塑性变形,其初始强度、峰值强度逐渐减小,最终达到残余强度。     

深海无人系统大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计与试验研究

环肋圆柱壳是深海无人系统广泛采用的一种耐压结构形式,保障其结构安全是系统研制过程中非常重要的一环。针对环肋圆柱壳的结构特征推导了组合结构重量关系式和结构参数简化估算方法,并以一种超长型深海无人系统耐压结构为例,围绕大长径比环肋圆柱壳的结构形式、设计计算、仿真分析、模型验证等开展研究。研究表明提出的大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计参数简化估算方法具有较好的适应性。相关计算和分析结果可以为该型深海无人系统结构设计提供技术支撑,也可以为其他类似耐压结构设计提供参考。     

榆神矿区煤矿防治水的几点思考

为了科学解释榆神矿区矿井涌水量较大的涌（突）水事件,为煤矿防治水奠定基础,分析了近年来区内发生的突水事件及矿井较大涌水情况,提出矿井较大涌水形成机理、红土层水文地质性质、矿井涌水量预测的准确性等疑问,阐述了突破“井田”范围,从区域上研究地下水系统和突水水源,关注延安组、直罗组、安定组、洛河组等砂岩弱富水含水层,从导水裂隙带中寻找突水水源,科学评价各岩（土）层的水文地质条件,采动岩层（含水层）渗透性演化以及探索矿井水害源头预防和区域治理思路等几点思考,提出应该从区域上认识水文地质条件及对煤矿涌（突）水的“贡献”,揭示矿井较大涌水形成机理,进一步加强水文地质补充勘探,准确识别含水层、隔水层及其空间赋存关系,探测大采高、大采面环境下导水裂隙带发育规律,并提出从区域上识别地下水强径流带和局部富水区的基础上,制定矿井水害防控措施的思路,为榆神矿区煤矿水害防治提供借鉴和帮助。     

岩溶地面塌陷三机理理论及其应用

为了给岩溶地面塌陷预测、监测、防治和应急措施提供理论依据,全面总结了岩溶地面塌陷的发育规律,认为岩溶、土体和诱发因素是岩溶地面塌陷的三要素。岩溶为土体丧失提供通道和储藏空间。土的工程地质性质决定了土体塌陷方式：“黏土块”坍塌、砂颗粒漏失、软弱土流失;土体塌陷方式决定了土体塌陷机理;据土体塌陷方式提出了由“土洞型塌陷”“沙漏型塌陷”和“泥流型塌陷”构成的岩溶地面塌陷三机理理论：黏性土和密实砂性土层中,在外力作用下,土洞顶板拱效应失效而产生的地面塌陷现象称为土洞型塌陷;由于诱发因素的触发导致可溶岩上方松散砂层中砂颗粒漏失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为沙漏型塌陷;可溶岩上方软弱土体在外力作用下向可溶岩中流失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为泥流型塌陷。三机理理论关注土体塌陷方式,既解释了岩溶地面塌陷现象,更回答了土体“如何塌”的问题。诱发因素是塌陷的外部影响因素,不是塌陷机理的构成要素;诱发因素产生作用力;作用力改变土颗粒运动状态,使土颗粒由“静止→运动”,土体由“稳定→塌陷”。依据三机理理论,提出了岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测方法,建立了基于三个塌陷机理的土体塌陷确定性预测模型,系统总结了岩溶地面塌陷监测、防治和应急措施方法,形成了从理论到实践的、完整的岩溶地面塌陷思想体系。