Monitoring of urban heat island in Shanghai,China, from 1981 to 2010 with satellite data

This paper investigates the urban heat island (UHI) characteristics of Shanghai, China, during 1981–2010 using Landsat thematic mapper/multispectral scanner and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite data from the perspectives of time and space, with further analysis of the landscape pattern, the urban heat island effect ratio, and formative factors. The results show the following: (1) From the interannual variation, the secondary-medium temperature area and the medium temperature area are the main bodies of Shanghai UHI, accounting for 67.16–83.69 % of the total area, and have a rising trend over time. (2) From the landscape pattern, the secondary-medium temperature area and the medium temperature area have a dominant position over the whole UHI landscape pattern of Shanghai; the relatively high-temperature area gradually decreases, and its dominance over the whole UHI landscape pattern declines. (3) From the spatial distribution, the pattern in which the urban area initially had complete domination has gradually transformed to become primarily urban area centered and other construction land supplemented with rapid urbanization. Rapid increase of the green land in the urban area has to some extent reduced the UHI characteristics of the Shanghai area in recent years.     

复合胎体金刚石钻头试验研究

为解决坚硬岩层钻进效率低下,研究设计一种复合胎体金刚石钻头,在软岩层进尺快,在硬岩层亦能获得相对较高的钻进速度,突破了单靠降低胎体硬度的传统设计理念,获得了满意钻进效率。     

一株虹鳟源枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为筛选对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)有潜在益生效果的菌株,本研究从健康虹鳟幼鱼肠道中分离到1株潜在益生菌株RT-BS07,采用形态学观察和分子特征分析对该菌株进行了鉴定,并评价了该菌株的抑菌性、耐受性、黏附性和安全性。形态学观察显示,菌株RT-BS07为革兰氏阳性杆菌,有圆形或椭圆形芽孢。16S rRNA比对结果显示,该菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)NCBI3610株的同源性为99.86%。结合16S rRNA基因序列分析和形态学观察结果,确定菌株RT-BS07为枯草芽孢杆菌。菌株RT-BS07具备产蛋白酶和纤维素酶能力,其酶活力分别为(0.039±0.002)和(0.393±0.002)U/mg;该菌株可有效抑制温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)、杀鲑气单胞菌(A.salmonicida)和鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)等致病菌。菌株RT-BS07在pH为2~10 LB液体培养基中均可存活;在盐度为2%~8%条件下存活率为5.70%~93.28%,其存活率随盐度升高而降低。体外黏附试验结果表明,菌株RT-BS07可大量黏附在虹鳟前肠黏膜,不破坏肠道组织完整性,对左氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和链霉素等18种抗菌药物敏感。本研究分离筛选得到的枯草芽孢杆菌RT-BS07株具有产消化酶性能,其抗逆性能强,对虹鳟无毒害作用,可作为虹鳟健康养殖及益生菌制剂研发源益生菌候选株。     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”集装箱海运网络的脆弱性变化

为探究“21世纪海上丝绸之路”集装箱海运网络在蓄意攻击下的脆弱性变化情况,基于蓄意攻击下集装箱海运网络的地理空间联系变化和网络分裂过程,提出了集装箱海运网络崩溃临界点的识别方法,进而建立了集装箱海运网络脆弱性变化趋势和程度的量化方法,并利用2015年和2019年海上丝绸之路中港口和航线的统计数据构建网络进行分析。结果表明：2015年和2019年“海上丝路”网络的蓄意攻击承受能力分别为4.21%和5.51%,说明2019年的“海上丝路”海运网络比2015年更加强壮,其相对变化率为30.88%;“海上丝路”网络脆弱性变化的驱动机制主要包括港口层级结构的差异性减弱、关键港口备份机制日趋完备、东亚和东南亚与其他区域间的集装箱海运联系更加紧密等。最后,从持续保障中国与“海上丝路”沿线各国集装箱海运互联互通的角度,提出了相应的对策和建议。研究成果对于揭示“海上丝路”海运网络的脆弱性变化及其驱动机制和影响因素,进而有针对性的持续保障该网络的互联互通,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值,且本文的分析方法对其他运输网络脆弱性变化的相关研究也可提供借鉴。     

Changes of Extreme Precipitation and its Associated Mechanisms in Northwest China

Characterized by scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems, Northwest China(NWC) has experienced a climate shift from warm-dry to warm-wet conditions since the 1980s that has garnered extensive concern in recent years. In this study, the variability in extreme precipitation(EP) during 1961–2016 in different climate zones of NWC and the possible mechanisms for this variation are investigated. The results show that the EP trends significantly increased in most of the westerly zone(WZ) and plateau zone(PZ), while the EP trends did not significantly decrease in the monsoon zone(MZ).The start dates of extreme precipitation(SDEP) and end dates of extreme precipitation(EDEP) advanced and were postponed, respectively, in the WZ and PZ, while the opposite occurred in the MZ. Summer atmospheric circulation, water vapor transport, and atmospheric instability over NWC varied greatly with the interdecadal shift in EP before and after 1986. During 1986–2016, upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence occurred in the MZ and PZ, which strengthened ascending flow. In addition, the summer water vapor and atmospheric instability increased in the WZ and PZ.These characteristics created favorable conditions for increased occurrences of EP in the WZ and PZ in summer.Conversely, the upper-level convergence and lower-level divergence in the MZ strengthened descending flow. Decreases in summer water vapor and atmospheric instability occurred in the MZ after 1986. Hence, the environmental conditions in the MZ may have prevented the occurrence and development of EP in summer during 1986–2016.     

动态环境下PPP的GNSS大气水汽反演

利用静态PPP（精密单点定位）处理稳定的GNSS地面站可以高精度反演大气中的水汽含量.对于运动的载体,静态PPP无法正确地估计待估参数.利用动态PPP数据处理方法,在解算载体动态位置的同时,可以估计动态载体GNSS的天顶总延迟,并在此基础上计算水汽含量.分别利用PPP动态和静态模型解算3.5 h的稳定可靠GNSS参考站数据,结果表明,动态PPP与静态PPP利用稳定CORS站解算大气可降水量（PWV）时,最大差别为6.6 mm,且水汽的变化趋势基本一致.在快速运动平台下,旋转平台解算的PWV与相同环境下的CORS站解算的水汽结果在量级上一致,但并不能像CORS站结果一样可以反映出水汽的变化趋势.针对地震等GNSS台站失稳问题,分别利用动态、静态PPP进行水汽的提取,结果表明,地震的短期形变对PPP水汽的提取无明显影响.建议使用静态PPP对失稳GNSS台站进行水汽提取.     

从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡——以莱州湾海岸带为例

以莱州湾海岸带为研究区,基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年多时相土地利用数据,应用生态系统服务价值评估,逐层剖析土地利用变化对生态系统服务失衡特征的影响。结果表明：莱州湾海岸带供水与空气组分调节服务呈负值,2000~2014年,生态系统服务总价值丧失43%（147亿美元/a）,生态系统服务多样性降低甚至丧失,呈向海性,围填海造成162亿美元生态损失。土地利用变化方式是造成生态失衡的主因,主要包括：交通工矿、盐田、养殖及城镇扩张,滩涂、河口湿地、耕地被侵占。滩涂和河口湿地减少,导致废物处理、栖息地、基因多样性、干扰调节、侵蚀防护服务丧失严重,交通工矿和城镇扩张,引起供水服务负效应加剧。     

高密度电阻率法在珠海某防波堤工程中的应用

高密度电阻率方法在工程勘察中起着越来越重要的作用。本文简明论述了高密度电阻率法的原理、特点。利用本所新购买的由日本生产的ＭＣＯＨＭ－２１型高密度地电仪，对珠海某防波堤进行了高密度电阻率方法测量，并对测量横剖面利用仪器本身配备的偏移软件进行处理，得到的彩色或灰阶断面图非常直观地反映出防波堤断面的形态分布。对纵测线进行分段测量，采用脱机处理数据，给出整个纵测断面等值线图，反应了防波堤长轴方向上抛石的质     

微机遥感影像数字高程自动提取技术

本文研究了利用航天遥感影像自动提取数字高程模型(DEM)的方法技术,建立了一整套利用SPOT影像提取DEM的方案。该方案改进和发展了多级影像匹配策略,采用了多种适合于微机的快速算法。根据该方案开发了相应的微机软件系统。试验结果表明,整套技术方案和算法可行,结果具有较高的精度和可靠性,软件运行速度较快,有较强的实用性。