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991.
考古证据表明,距今4000多年以前,重庆三峡地区的中坝遗址就开始了规模性的盐业生产。为了解盐业生产的环境背景及其影响,在中坝遗址厚达12.5m的文化堆积层进行了孢粉取样和分析。AMS14C测年结果显示,这些样品分别来自新石器时代晚期(4420~3700aB.P.)、商至西周(3550~2700aB.P.)和东周(2700~2300aB.P.)。孢粉分析表明: 中坝遗址的样品均以草本植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子占绝对优势。主要以禾本科(Poaceae)、楼梯草属(Elatostema)和蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium)为主, 而乔灌木植物花粉所占比例很低,除松属(Pinus)、桦木属(Betula)、枫杨属(Pterocarya)、栎属(Quercus)花粉外,还见到夹竹桃科(Apocynaceae)、女贞属(Ligustrum)、檵木属(Loropetalum)和枫香属(Liquidambar)等亚热带树种的花粉。中坝遗址及附近地区自新石器时代以来的植被以少林、灌丛草地为主,遗址周围分布大片杂草群落,并可能有大面积的农田,表明这个地区始终存在较强的人类活动。早在新石器时代,制盐业和种植业使得低山丘陵与河谷的森林植被遭到破坏,遗址附近的河谷形成疏林草地景观。商至西周时期,尽管气候变干,但人类活动仍很强烈,似乎气候变化对盐业生产的影响不大; 东周时期的气候较为温暖湿润,制盐业和农业活动规模扩大,森林植被破坏程度加大,草坡随之增多。 相似文献
992.
Two methods are compared for estimating the shape parameters of Pareto field-size (or pool-size) distributions for petroleum
resource assessment. Both methods assume mature exploration in which most of the larger fields have been discovered. Both
methods use the sizes of larger discovered fields to estimate the numbers and sizes of smaller fields: (1) the tail-truncated
method uses a plot of field size versus size rank, and (2) the log–geometric method uses data binned in field-size classes
and the ratios of adjacent bin counts. Simulation experiments were conducted using discovered oil and gas pool-size distributions
from four petroleum systems in Alberta, Canada and using Pareto distributions generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The estimates
of the shape parameters of the Pareto distributions, calculated by both the tail-truncated and log–geometric methods, generally
stabilize where discovered pool numbers are greater than 100. However, with fewer than 100 discoveries, these estimates can
vary greatly with each new discovery. The estimated shape parameters of the tail-truncated method are more stable and larger
than those of the log–geometric method where the number of discovered pools is more than 100. Both methods, however, tend
to underestimate the shape parameter. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to create sequences of discovered pool sizes by
sampling from a Pareto distribution with a discovery process model using a defined exploration efficiency (in order to show
how biased the sampling was in favor of larger fields being discovered first). A higher (more biased) exploration efficiency
gives better estimates of the Pareto shape parameters. 相似文献
993.
This study describes the influence of submersed plant beds on spatial distributions of key water quality variables. An on-board
flow-through water sampling system was used to investigate patterns in turbidity, chlorophyll-a, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH across a robust stand of the submersed plant Stuckenia pectinata. Spatially interpolated maps show that water quality conditions were significantly altered within this plant bed, especially
during months of peak biomass, and that reduction of suspended particles focused at the bed’s edge. Comparison with a suite
of submersed plant beds indicated that patterns were related to canopy height, shoot density, and cross-shore bed width. Wide
and dense stands with tall canopies showed reduced turbidity and increased light penetration, while smaller sparser beds often
showed elevated within-bed turbidity. These results suggest that bed effects on water quality conditions vary seasonally with
plant canopy architecture and bed size, providing tentative guidelines for restoring self-sustaining beds. 相似文献
994.
Water samples from precipitation, glacier melt, snow melt, glacial lake, streams and karst springs were collected across SE
of Kashmir Valley, to understand the hydrogeochemical processes governing the evolution of the water in a natural and non-industrial
area of western Himalayas. The time series data on solute chemistry suggest that the hydrochemical processes controlling the
chemistry of spring waters is more complex than the surface water. This is attributed to more time available for infiltrating
water to interact with the diverse host lithology. Total dissolved solids (TDS), in general, increases with decrease in altitude.
However, high TDS of some streams at higher altitudes and low TDS of some springs at lower altitudes indicated contribution
of high TDS waters from glacial lakes and low TDS waters from streams, respectively. The results show that some karst springs
are recharged by surface water; Achabalnag by the Bringi stream and Andernag and Martandnag by the Liddar stream. Calcite
dissolution, dedolomitization and silicate weathering were found to be the main processes controlling the chemistry of the
spring waters and calcite dissolution as the dominant process in controlling the chemistry of the surface waters. The spring
waters were undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite in most of the seasons except in November, which is attributed
to the replenishment of the CO2 by recharging waters during most of the seasons. 相似文献
995.
996.
Stanislav Frančišković-Bilinski Mladen Juračić Darko Tibljaš 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(7):1755-1761
Surface sediments (fraction <63 μm) from the source to the mouth of the Rječina, short (18.3 km) karst allogenic river in
Croatia, which is an important source of drinking water, were studied to investigate their mineral (by XRD) and chemical (by
ICP-MS) composition to check possible anthropogenic influence at the lower course due to paper industry and mills, and in
the prodelta area from untreated municipal sewage and the large harbor of Rijeka town. In all analyzed sediment samples and
in the sandstone source, rock quartz is a major mineral, while feldspar and mica group minerals are less abundant. Chlorite
is a minor or trace mineral in all samples. Calcite and dolomite are abundant in the river prodelta, reflecting changes in
bedrock lithology from flysch to carbonates. In river sediments, Fe is the most abundantly analyzed element, while Ca is the
most abundant in prodelta sediments. Concentrations of Al, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, La and Nd decrease downstream, while Mg, S, Na,
B, Pb, Zn, As, Sn, U, Mo, Hg and Ag have relatively higher concentration in prodelta sediments. The results are compared with
sediments of other rivers in the area: Raša, Rižana and Dragonja, as well as with those of the Rosandra Creek (Italy). Sediments
in the Raša River showed similar behavior as those in the Rječina, as the highest concentration of metals was found in the
restricted upper part of the estuary, characterized by rapid deposition of clay particles and terrestrial sedimentary organic
matter. The comparison also showed that the most contaminated were the sediments from the Rižana, followed by those from the
Rječina and Rosandra Creek, which had similar results. Among the studied elements, As was present in all sediment samples
at concentrations >6 ppm that might have the lowest toxic effects. At the lower Rječina and in prodelta sediments, Pb was
also present at slightly elevated concentrations (>31 ppm) that could cause such effects. Concentrations of Zn in the prodelta
correspond to those occurring in moderately polluted sediments (90–200 ppm). In the prodelta sediments, Hg is slightly below
toxicity threshold (1 ppm), while Ag is present at toxicity threshold (0.5 ppm) or close to it. Rječina River could act as
a good illustrative example for behavior of toxic metals in allogenic karstic rivers, in which accumulation of anthropogenically
introduced pollutants usually occurs in their estuaries, as a result of transport and deposition of fine particles. 相似文献
997.
Preface: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Lithographic Limestone and Plattenkalk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daniel Marty Jean-Paul Billon-Bruyat Christian A. Meyer Loïc Costeur Basil Thüring 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2011,104(1):1-29
Magmatic rocks from the pre-Mesozoic basements of the Sambuco and Maggia nappes have been dated by U–Pb zircon ages with the LA-ICPMS technique. Several magmatic events have been identified in the Sambuco nappe. The mafic banded calc-alkaline suite of Scheggia is dated at 540 Ma, an age comparable to that of mafic rocks in the Austroalpine Silvretta nappe. The Sasso Nero peraluminous augengneiss has an age of 480–470 Ma, like many other “older orthogneisses” in Alpine basement units. It hosts a large proportion of inherited zircons, which were dated around 630 Ma, a Panafrican age indicating the Gondwanan affiliation of the Sambuco basement. The calc-alkaline Matorello pluton yielded ages around 300 Ma, similar to numerous Late Carboniferous intrusions in other basement units of the Lower Penninic (Monte Leone, Antigorio, Verampio) and Helvetic domains (Gotthard and other External Crystalline Massifs). Associated lamprophyric dykes are slightly younger (300–290 Ma), like similar dykes sampled in gneiss blocks included in the sedimentary cover of the underlying Antigorio nappe (290–285 Ma). The Cocco granodiorite and Rüscada leucogranite, both intruding the basement of the neighbouring Maggia nappe, yielded ages of ca. 300–310 Ma, identical within errors to the age of the Matorello pluton. They are significantly older than former age determinations. This age coincidence, coupled with remarkable petrologic similarities between the Cocco and Matorello granodiorites, strongly suggests paleogeographic proximity of the Sambuco and Maggia nappes in Late Carboniferous times. In recent publications these two nappes have been interpreted as belonging to distinct Mesozoic paleogeographic domains: “European” for Sambuco and “Briançonnais” for Maggia, separated by the “Valais” oceanic basin. In this case, the similarity of the Matorello and Cocco intrusions would demonstrate the absence of any significant transcurrent movement between these two continental domains. Alternatively, according to a more traditional view, Sambuco and Maggia might belong to a single large Alpine tectonic unit. 相似文献
998.
V CHOWKSEY D M MAURYA PARUL JOSHI N KHONDE ARCHANA DAS L S CHAMYAL 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(6):979-999
The Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) is a major E–W trending seismically active fault of the Kachchh palaeorift basin whose neotectonic
evolution is not known. The present study deals with the eastern part of the KMF zone where the fault is morphologically expressed
as steep north facing scarps and is divisible into five morphotectonic segments. The Quaternary sediments occurring in a narrow
zone between the E–W trending KMF scarps and the flat Banni plain to the north are documented. The sediments show considerable
heterogeneity vertically as well as laterally along the KMF zone. (The Quaternary sediments for a northward sloping and are
exposed along the north flowing streams which also show rapid decrease in the depth of incision in the same direction.) The
deposits, in general, comprise coarse as well as finer gravelly deposits, sands and aeolian and fluvial miliolites. The Quaternary
sediments of the KMF zone show three major aggradation phases. The oldest phase includes the colluvio-fluvial sediments occurring
below the miliolites. These deposits are strikingly coarse grained and show poor sorting and large angular clasts of Mesozoic
rocks. The sedimentary characteristics indicate deposition, dominantly by debris flows and sediment gravity flows, as small
coalescing alluvial fans in front of the scarps. These deposits suggest pre-miliolite neotectonic activity along the KMF.
The second aggradation phase comprises aeolian miliolites and fluvially reworked miliolites that have been previously dated
from middle to late Pleistocene. The youngest phase is the post-miliolite phase that includes all deposits younger than miliolite.
These are represented by comparatively finer sandy gravels, gravelly sands and sand. The sediment characteristics suggest
deposition in shallow braided stream channels under reduced level of neotectonic activity along the KMF during post-miliolite
time evidenced by vertical dips of miliolites and tilting of gravels near the scarps. The tectonically controlled incision
and dissection of the Quaternary deposits is the result of neotectonic activity that continues at present day. The overall
nature, sedimentary characteristics and geomorphic setting of the sediments suggest that the KMF remained neotectonically
active throughout the Quaternary period. 相似文献
999.
Hussein Mustapha 《Computational Geosciences》2011,15(3):385-397
We present G23FM, a mesh generation tool for discretizing two- and three-dimensional complex fractured geological media. G23FM
includes different techniques to generate finite element grids that maintain the geometric integrity of input surfaces, and
geologic data and produce optimal triangular/tetrahedral grids for flow and transport simulations. G23FM generates grid for
two-dimensional cross-sections, represents faults and fractures, for three-dimensional fractured media, and has the capability
of including finer grids. Different examples are presented to illustrate some of the main features of G23FM. 相似文献
1000.
Chemical and Strontium Isotopic Compositions of the Hanjiang Basin Rivers in China: Anthropogenic Impacts and Chemical Weathering 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Hanjiang River, the largest tributaries of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, is the water source area of the Middle Route
of China’s South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The chemical and strontium isotopic compositions of the river waters are
determined with the main purpose of understanding the contribution of chemical weathering processes and anthropogenic inputs
on river solutes, as well as the associated CO2 consumption in the carbonate-dominated basin. The major ion compositions of the Hanjiang River waters are characterized by
the dominance of Ca2+ and HCO3
−, followed by Mg2+ and SO4
2−. The increase in TDS and major anions (Cl−, NO3
−, and SO4
2−) concentrations from upstream to downstream is ascribed to both extensive influences from agriculture and domestic activities
over the Hanjiang basin. The chemical and Sr isotopic analyses indicate that three major weathering sources (dolomite, limestone,
and silicates) contribute to the total dissolved loads. The contributions of the different end-members to the dissolved load
are calculated with the mass balance approach. The calculated results show that the dissolved load is dominated by carbonates
weathering, the contribution of which accounts for about 79.4% for the Hanjiang River. The silicate weathering and anthropogenic
contributions are approximately 12.3 and 6.87%, respectively. The total TDS fluxes from chemical weathering calculated for
the water source area (the upper Hanjiang basin) and the whole Hanjiang basin are approximately 3.8 × 106 and 6.1 × 106 ton/year, respectively. The total chemical weathering (carbonate and silicate) rate for the Hanjiang basin is approximately
38.5 ton/km2/year or 18.6 mm/k year, which is higher than global mean values. The fluxes of CO2 consumption by carbonate and silicate weathering are estimated to be 56.4 × 109 and 12.9 × 109 mol/year, respectively. 相似文献