湘西洛塔岩溶发育史

<正> 一、洛塔岩溶形态的基本特征与分布规律 洛塔地区碳酸盐岩岩溶山地属鄂黔溶洼—丘峰山地亚区,区内各种岩溶形态及其组合类型发育齐全。各种岩溶形态组成多种岩溶地貌类型,其中引人注目的岩溶景观,首先是耸立于低山丘陵中的洛塔盆地,其四周为悬崖绝壁;其次是盆地内岩溶台面层次清楚,并以和尚堡、五座亭、甘家台等台峰组成的亚不寺岩溶台面(标高900米至1163米)最为明显。      

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Crasostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的研究

对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的呼吸和排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明,温度和贝的体重对两种贝类的耗氧率和氨排泄率都有明显的影响,且两因子间存在着交互作用。海湾扇贝的耗氧率（ＱＯ,ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ,μｇ／ｇ·ｈ）与温度（Ｔ,℃）和湿重（Ｗ,ｇ）存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０４６Ｗ－０．２７２１．０８Ｔ,ＱＮ＝６．７９Ｗ－０．３２７１．０３Ｔ;太平洋牡蛎的耗氧和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０８５Ｗ－０．１３０１．０６Ｔ,ＱＮ＝２．６６Ｗ－０．２３６１．０１Ｔ。     

印度洋波浪诱导的水体输运效应及其对赤道SST异常的影响

波浪诱导的水体输运会对海洋产生大尺度影响。结合波浪大尺度效应的研究现状和印度洋涌浪分布的事实,利用ECMWF-CERA20的波浪、海表面温度(SST)及风场数据,采用多种统计分析方法,研究了波浪输运与赤道印度洋SST的潜在关系。结果显示:中高纬度波浪输运异常的低频信号在空间、周期上与赤道SST异常均有高度相似性;Stokes漂流纬向、经向异常呈现出南—北、东—西的振荡,其第二模态时间序列与印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)指数存在强相关性并在La Ni a次年的负IOD事件中达到最高:相关系数在ACC区域纬向异常超前6个月时接近0.6,中纬度区域经向异常在超前3个月时达到0.7。在La Ni a次年的负IOD中,波浪经向输运异常的相位(超前三个月)与赤道SST异常相位呈全年反相位,经向浪致输运异常造成的东—西热量输运差异对赤道SST异常分布有不可忽略的贡献。     

Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea

Abstract

With the continuous expansion of energy demand, the deep-water continental slope in the northern South China Sea has become one of the significant offshore oil and gas exploration regions. The frequent occurrence of marine geological hazards in this region, especially submarine landslides, can cause serious damage to engineering facilities. However, there have been few studies on the stability of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea; these studies mainly focused on a specific submarine slope or small-range evaluation, resulting in a lack of large-scale and quantitative understanding. Hence, considering the variation in the physical and mechanical properties of marine soils with depth, formulas for calculating the safety factor of submarine slopes by an infinite sliding model are established, and the factors affecting slope stability such as soil properties, slope gradient and horizontal seismic action are systematically investigated. Using GIS techniques, the terrain slope gradients and a historical seismic database of the northern South China Sea are obtained. Combined with soil mechanical parameters, a regional stability evaluation of the northern continental slope is carried out. Furthermore, the distribution of risk zones is given. On the whole, under strong seismic action, large-scale submarine slope instability occurs and must be highly considered when assessing risk. This achievement is of great significance to engineering sites, route selection and engineering risk assessment.     

光纤惯导国内外发展现状及其关键技术分析

详细介绍了陀螺和加速计的种类、发展历程和发展趋势,对光纤、激光和微机电(MEMS)惯导的精度、重量、体积、功耗等指标及其优劣势进行了对比。随后,论述了国内外光纤惯导的研究现状,并分析了国内外相关产品。重点研究了光纤惯导的初始对准技术、在线标定技术、温度补偿技术和组合导航技术。     

Optimization and Field Application of CO2 Gas Fracturing Technique for Enhancing CBM Extraction

Since most coalfields in China are commonly characterized by high gas content and low permeability, there is an urgent need to improve coal seam permeability and further enhance coal bed methane (CBM) extraction efficiency. As an emerging fracturing technology, the CO₂ gas fracturing (CGF) technology has been widely used because of its advantages of low cost, environmental protection and high fragmentation efficiency. In order to improve the fracturing ability of CGF technique and optimize the release orifices of discharge head, computational fluid dynamics model was used in this paper to simulate the flow fields of dynamic pressure of gas jet released from the orifices with different structures and other geometrical parameters. The results show that the orifice structure has a great influence on the flow field of gas jet, but little influence on the magnitude of the dynamic pressure. Besides, the maximum dynamic pressure of gas jet linearly decreases with the increase in the number of release orifices. Based on a series of simulation results, the discharge head which has single group of orifices with structure c, diameter of 24 mm can be identified as the best choice for fieldwork. Then, two field experiments were conducted in Pingdingshan and Changping coal mines to evaluate the enhanced CBM extraction efficiency by CGF. The results indicate that the CGF can effectively create a large number of cracks in a large range around the fracturing borehole in the coal seam and further significantly improve the permeability. And the CBM extraction efficiency can be improved to a higher level from a lower level and maintained for a long time. Besides, the effective influence radii caused by CGF in Pingdingshan and Changping coal mines are 15.19 m and 12.5 m, respectively. Compared with other fracturing techniques, the CGF technique has a promising application prospect.

     

塔里木盆地盐生和干旱生境柽柳(Tamarix)凋落物分解特征

以塔里木盆地柽柳（Tamarix）凋落物为研究对象,应用凋落袋法,揭示其在盐生（H₁）和干旱（H₂）生境中分解差异性及主要制约因子。结果表明：（1）经720 d分解,H₁、H₂生境中柽柳凋落物残留率分别为83.50%、53.73%,两种生境下凋落物残留率差异极显著（P < 0.01）。（2）在H₁、H₂生境中,柽柳凋落物分解系数分别为0.082、0.320,分解50%所需时间分别为9.40、2.17 a,分解95%所需时间分别为40.62、9.36 a。（3） C元素在H₁中富集-释放交替进行,在H₂中为单一的富集-释放;N元素在H₁中表现出累积-释放交替模式,在H₂中表现出相反的变化趋势;P元素在0~360 d分解时间段均呈逐渐释放过程,而在第360~720 d,H₁呈逐渐累积过程,H₂呈累积-释放模式。木质素呈现逐渐释放模式,纤维素释放模式富集-释放交替进行。经720 d分解,C、N、P、木质素、纤维素残留率在两种生境中均存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）。（4）微生境变化对凋落物分解制约因素并不相同,盐生生境下土壤Na⁺含量是制约凋落物分解的主要因子,而干旱生境下残留量、土壤Mg²⁺、凋落物全磷含量起主导作用。     

台湾海峡风涌浪分离方法研究

受狭管效应的影响,台湾海峡波浪较大且常与涌浪混合存在。涌浪对包括船舶在内的浮式结构物有着重要的影响,而风涌浪分离是研究涌浪特性的必要前提,也一直是研究的热点和困难问题。由于数据的欠缺和观测条件的限制,在风涌浪分离方法中被普遍认可的二维谱方法常常难以使用,如何选择更为精准的一维谱方法往往会成为实际研究和应用过程中必须面对的问题。利用台湾海峡内3个具有二维谱数据的测站,通过将二维谱分离结果作为参考,针对台湾海峡风浪和涌浪的特征,探讨了风涌浪分离一维谱方法在该海域的适用性问题,研究表明风速法相较其他方法精度更好,在这一基础上提出了一种将波谱积分法与风速法相结合的一维谱方法。     

内蒙古典型草原与荒漠草原NDVI对气象因子的响应

分析了内蒙古典型草原与荒漠草原NDVI的变化,探讨了干旱对NDVI的影响,建立了NDVI与气象因子的回归模型。结果表明:2000-2016年内蒙古典型草原与荒漠草原NDVI呈现波动变化,变异较小。干旱对典型草原区的羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落与大针茅(Stipa grandis)群落NDVI影响显著(P<0.05);与正常年份相比,干旱导致羊草群落与大针茅群落NDVI降低约23%。5-8月降水量和干燥度指数影响内蒙古典型草原羊草群落与大针茅群落NDVI;荒漠草原区羊草+短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)群落与沙生针茅(Stipa plareosa)群落NDVI的主要影响因子分别为年均气温与5-8月平均气温;5-8月降水量和年均气温是影响典型草原和荒漠草原NDVI的重要因子。基于气象因子的NDVI回归模型能够较好地对区域NDVI进行估测。生长季降水是影响典型草原NDVI的关键因素,而气温显著影响荒漠草原NDVI。在未来气候变化的背景下,内蒙古典型草原NDVI对干旱的响应会更加敏感。     

沙漠非传统节事旅游的影响因素及驱动机制——以阿拉善沙漠e族英雄会为例

沙漠非传统节事旅游正在兴起,并对地方经济、文化产生深刻影响。以阿拉善沙漠e族英雄会为例,结合问卷调查和地理探测器,探究了沙漠非传统节事游客出游的影响因素及驱动机制,并为沙漠非传统节事旅游的发展提出建议。结果表明：（1）亚文化群体是沙漠非传统节事旅游的主导者,具有亚文化性、团体性、爆发性和跨地域性特征。（2）影响沙漠非传统节事旅游的推力因素依次为社交和休闲 > 附带出游 > 求新求异 > 寻求亚文化归属;拉力因素依次为亚文化主题活动 > 商品展销 > 英雄会文化 > 地域文化,推、拉力驱动因子之间交互作用并呈双因子非线性增强,形成“T （推力）激发旅游需要—L （拉力）催生旅游动机—T、L共同促成旅游行为”的驱动过程。（3）沙漠非传统节事旅游流的产生一般要在推力和拉力的相互作用下经历旅游需要—旅游动机—旅游需求—旅游决策—旅游行为5个阶段。